Replica Watches: 05/21/13

2013-05-21

玉器发展经历三大时期

　　如今继书画、瓷器、杂项等各类收藏市场的风生水起之后,中国古代玉器的收藏市场也逐渐火热起来.说起玉器的发展史也是十分悠久的,它伴随着华夏民族的整个发展过程.资深玉器收藏家甘明发表示,根据历史的演变过程,大体可把玉器分为高古玉、古玉和明清玉器三个时期,它们各自具有独特而鲜明的风格,又各自承前启后,和历史的进程紧密相连.

　　高古玉是指战汉以前的玉器.最早的玉器作为工具和装饰品的出现,是以红山文化和良渚文化为代表的新石器时代,那时候我们的祖先还没有玉石的概念,他们只是觉得这种石头比一般的石头更坚硬,可以用它来加工其他的物品.加之玉石的色泽温润、形态美丽、与众不同、戴在身上很是好看,所以逐渐地人们把它们从石头中捡出来做装饰品,这是玉器最早的雏形.由于人们发现玉器实用又美观,从而推动了玉器快速发展.进入奴隶社会后玉器逐步走上神坛,统治者用玉器象征自己手中的权力.它被赋予了一种神的力量,人们用玉器祭奠天地,和神灵进行沟通,那时玉器有着很重的神秘色彩,又集王权富贵于一身.所以在当时玉器是神圣不可侵犯的,它高高在上,一度成为统治者用以震慑四方的工具.这些年,高古玉因它久远的年代,丰富的文化内涵,极高的历史研究价值受到海内外很多收藏家的追捧.

　　晚于高古玉的古玉现在都认为是从汉以后到明代以前的玉器,这一时期随着社会的发展,玉料大量被开采,琢玉技术不断提高,玉器便不再是少数人拥有的财富.它渐渐走向了社会更广的层面.人们不断认识到玉器的价值,继而玉器便成了普通人家中摆饰和手中把玩的上乘之选.古语有“君子无故,玉不去身”之说.古人还认为玉有人的德行.在某种程度上,玉器的价值也表现了主人的身份地位,人们都以拥有一件精美的玉器为荣.

　　明清玉器是大家最为熟悉的一类玉器,因为它离我们最近,流传下来的作品也最多.到了明清时期由于生产力的极大发展,人们生活富足,进而更多的人要求提高生活品质.所以此时的玉器制作工艺更加精巧细腻,构思更加巧妙,用材方面也颇为讲究,出现了很多巧夺天工的旷世奇作,使玉器的发展达到了一个顶峰,这也就是为何如今许多人更加偏爱明清玉的原因.

来源:新浪收藏

TAG:玉器发展经历三大时期翡翠翡翠手镯中国翡翠网翡翠新闻

高古玉收藏：极品升值快

　　中国收藏家协会会员、资深玉器收藏家甘明发在接受记者采访时指出,目前海外市场上的高古玉器与瓷器、铜器很早就成为中国艺术品拍卖的重要项目,高古玉近十年来一直保持上涨之势,红山玉器、商周玉器以及汉代玉器皆在2009年的纽约买卖会中国艺术品专拍上拍出了最高纪录.

　　古代艺术品的投资,充分体现投资者的智慧、才能与胆识.那么,在投资高古玉时有哪些收藏时机需要注意和把握呢？有着丰富玉器收藏经验的甘明发对此有着自己的理解:

　　首先,收集高古玉、古玉的风气虽已逐渐形成,但仍属起步阶段,尤其是国内艺术品拍卖市场对高古玉收藏未能给予足够的重视,其价格相对还是比较低的,若与国外拍卖行价格相比,存在较大的差距.因此,升值的潜力很大,目前仍有机会以较合适的价格收集到高古玉精品.

　　其次,在具体收藏高古玉时不要闭门造车,当今世界已进入信息时代,各种出版及展览宣传活动的增多、互联网信息的迅速传播、资料的便捷检索查阅,加强了爱好者与藏家间的交流互动,在不断学习研究的基础上,明确自己的收藏目标和定位,才可避免走弯路.另外,在投资渠道上也要特别注意,如果觉得地摊儿上难买到真品,拍卖行又价格太高时,可多关注各大城市的正规古物交易商店,这些商店大都有资质保障,如果有缘,买到真东西的几率还是比较高的.

　　第三,和明清玉相比,高古玉收藏更要走精品路线,越是极品升值越快,把握好三要素:珍、精、稀,即高古玉要玉质珍贵、工艺精致、题材稀罕,这是高古玉投资收藏能否成功的最重要元素.

　　第四,要看到高古玉未来的上涨趋势.目前许多有着相同文化背景的海外华人,长年在进行高古玉的收藏和研究,国内拥有雄厚经济实力的强大收藏群体正在慢慢形成,他们有着充足的资金在支持着艺术品收藏市场,待社会资本进一步开启古玉器收藏时,将大幅提升高古玉的潜在价值.

　　第五,玉文化正在吸引更多的人进入这一收藏领域.最近几年随着文化交流活动的增加,艺术品的需求会越来越旺盛,对中国古代玉文化的了解认识不断加深,会有越来越多的有识之士加入高古玉收藏行列,这将使市场进一步活跃升温,掌控好先机是成为一个优秀收藏投资者的必备要素.

来源:新浪收藏

TAG:高古玉收藏：极品升值快翡翠翡翠手镯中国翡翠网翡翠新闻

深圳文博会扣押涉嫌假冒翡翠玉石

　　原标题:深圳文博会现场扣押一批涉嫌假冒翡翠玉石

　　南方日报讯(记者/孙颖)记者今日从深圳市市场监管局官方微博获悉,今日上午,该局驻文博会办公室接消费者投诉,称在文博会某场馆买到假象牙,该局迅速联合公安部门、文博会主办方开展执法检查,现场扣押涉嫌假冒象牙(工艺品)3根、翡翠玉石一批.深圳市场监管局表示,展会临近结束,他们将加大执法检查力度,维护消费者权益.

来源:新浪收藏

TAG:深圳文博会扣押涉嫌假冒翡翠玉石翡翠翡翠手镯中国翡翠网翡翠新闻

Taiwanese researchers take aim at environmental issues

TAIPEI--Taiwan's bulwark research centers are aiming to move the island nation up the supply chain from manufacturing to innovation by fostering cooperative industry/academic efforts to commercialize home-grown microelectronics, here aiming to solving environmental issues such as eliminating the negative environmental impact of rare-earth strip-mining and solving the mystery of disappearing honey bees.

To mitigate the need for the environmentally damaging strip mining practices used on the Chinese mainland to harvest rare earth minerals, IEEE Fellow Ching-Fuh Lin at National Taiwan University (NTU) has created nano-particle materials that are cheaper, more convenient to use, and easier to color balance than using the rare-earths required by solid-state lighting (SSL) today.

"We are merging light and electricity by designing environmentally friendly zinc-oxide alloys, with particle sizes in the 10s of nanometer range, that perform surface emission of light, making them a viable candidate for replacing the rare earths used today," said Lin, who is director of the Innovative Photonics Advanced Research Center (iPARC).

SSL today depends of rare-earth phosphors that glow throughout their bulk. But by switching to surface emission, ultra-thin coatings of zinc-oxide-based nano-particles can instead coat the inside of ultra-violet LEDs. By adjusting the size and alloy formulation of the film's nano-particles, Lin has produced a wide range of white-light color temperatures--from warm yellowish to cold bluish. Lin is now optimizing the process—now operating at 80 percent efficiency—which can be done at low temperatures and atmospheric pressures, in hopes of achieving 90 percent efficiency before commercialization.

Lin is also championing silicon foils as a substitute for the organic materials whose performance cannot match silicon. Funded by the National Science Council (Taiwan's version of the National Science Foundation), Lin has demonstrated the ability to create silicon substrates in the 5-to-15 micron range using a manufacturing process as cheap and benign as processing polymers, but with the high-performance of silicon.

"A single silicon wafer can be used to produce multiple silicon foils--by peeling off thin layers repeatedly," said Lin. "In this way our process could be as inexpensive as using organics [polymers], but the result is high-perforance single-crystal substrates."

Performing like ordinary crystalline silicon, Lin hopes to use his silicon foils to cost-reduce silicon solar cells without degrading their performance, potentially obsoleting organic solar cells whose efficiency is much lower.
Next: Saving the honey bees

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Opening doors to foldable electronics with inkjet-printed graphene

May 20, 2013 — Imagine a bendable tablet computer or an electronic newspaper that could fold to fit in a pocket.

The technology for these devices may not be so far off. Northwestern University researchers have recently developed a graphene-based ink that is highly conductive and tolerant to bending, and they have used it to inkjet-print graphene patterns that could be used for extremely detailed, conductive electrodes.

The resulting patterns are 250 times more conductive than previous attempts to print graphene-based electronic patterns and could be a step toward low-cost, foldable electronics.

A paper describing the research, "Inkjet Printing of High Conductivity, Flexible Graphene Patterns," was published April 8 in the Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters.

"Graphene has a unique combination of properties that is ideal for next-generation electronics, including high electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and chemical stability," said Mark Hersam, professor of materials science and engineering at Northwestern's McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science. "By formulating an inkjet-printable ink based on graphene, we now have an inexpensive and scalable path for exploiting these properties in real-world technologies."

Inkjet printing has previously been explored as a method for fabricating transistors, solar cells, and other electronic components. It is inexpensive, capable of printing large areas, and can create patterns on a variety of substrates, making it an attractive option for next-generation electronics.

Inkjet printing with graphene -- ultra-thin sheets of carbon with exceptional strength and conductivity -- is extremely promising, but it has remained a challenge because it is difficult to harvest a sufficient amount of graphene without compromising its electronic properties. Exfoliating, or breaking apart, materials such as graphite often require oxidizing conditions that make the resulting graphene oxide material less conductive than pure carbon. Pristine unoxidized graphene can be achieved through exfoliation, but the process requires solvents whose residues also decrease conductivity.

The Northwestern researchers have developed a new method for mass-producing graphene that maintains its conductivity and can be carried out at room temperature using ethanol and ethyl cellulose to exfoliate graphite. This relatively clean process minimizes residues and results in a powder with a high concentration of nanometer-sized graphene flakes, which is then mixed into a solvent to create the ink.

The researchers demonstrated printing the ink in multiple layers, each 14 nanometers thick, to create precise patterns. The ink's conductivity remains virtually unchanged, even when bent to a great degree, suggesting that graphene inks could be used to create foldable electronic devices in the future.

In addition to Hersam, other authors of the paper are McCormick graduate students Ethan B. Secor and Michael L. Geier and postdoctoral researchers Pradyumna L. Prabhumirashi and Kanan Puntambekar. This work was supported by the Office of Naval Research.

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Early-life traffic-related air pollution exposure linked to hyperactivity

The research is detailed in a study being published Tuesday, May 21, in Environmental Health Perspectives, a peer-reviewed open access journal published by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), an institute within the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

The research was conducted by faculty members from the UC College of Medicine's Department of Environmental Health in collaboration with Cincinnati Children's. Nicholas Newman, DO, director of the Pediatric Environmental Health and Lead Clinic at Cincinnati Children's, was the study's first author.

"There is increasing concern about the potential effects of traffic-related air pollution on the developing brain," Newman says. "This impact is not fully understood due to limited epidemiological studies.

"To our knowledge, this is the largest prospective cohort with the longest follow-up investigating early life exposure to traffic-related air pollution and neurobehavioral outcomes at school age." Scientists believe that early life exposures to a variety of toxic substances are important in the development of problems later in life.

Newman and his colleagues collected data on traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) from the Cincinnati Childhood Allergy and Air Pollution Study (CCAAPS), a long-term epidemiological study examining the effects of traffic particulates on childhood respiratory health and allergy development. Funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, CCAAPS is led by Grace LeMasters, PhD, of the environmental health department. Study participants -- newborns in the Cincinnati metropolitan area from 2001 through 2003 -- were chosen based on family history and their residence being either near or far from a major highway or bus route.

Children were followed from infancy to age 7, when parents completed the Behavioral Assessment System for Children, 2nd Edition (BASC-2), assessing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and related symptoms including attention problems, aggression, conduct problems and atypical behavior. Of the 762 children initially enrolled in the study, 576 were included in the final analysis at 7 years of age.

Results showed that children who were exposed to the highest third amount of TRAP during the first year of life were more likely to have hyperactivity scores in the "at risk" range when they were 7 years old. The "at risk" range for hyperactivity in children means that they need to be monitored carefully because they are at risk for developing clinically important symptoms.

"Several biological mechanisms could explain the association between hyperactive behaviors and traffic-related air pollution," Newman says, including narrowed blood vessels in the body and toxicity in the brain's frontal cortex.

Newman notes that the higher air pollution exposure was associated with a significant increase in hyperactivity only among those children whose mothers had greater than a high school education. Mothers with higher education may expect higher achievement, he says, affecting the parental report of behavioral concerns.

"The observed association between traffic-related air pollution and hyperactivity may have far-reaching implications for public health," Newman says, noting that studies have shown that approximately 11 percent of the U.S. population lives within 100 meters of a four-lane highway and that 40 percent of children attend school within 400 meters of a major highway.

"Traffic-related air pollution is one of many factors associated with changes in neurodevelopment, but it is one that is potentially preventable."

LeMasters, Patrick Ryan, PhD, Linda Levin, PhD, David Bernstein, MD, Gurjit Khurana Hershey, MD, PhD, James Lockey, PhD, Manuel Villareal, MD, Tiina Reponen, PhD, Sergey Grinshpun, PhD, Heidi Sucharew, PhD, and Kim Dietrich, PhD, were co-authors of the study.

Funding was provided by NIEHS and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

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Slideshow: Maker Faire returns to Silicon Valley

SAN MATEO, Calif. – It’s a movement. It involves lots of robots and LEDs. It’s noisy. People dress weird and drive weird vehicles. It’s good for kids and engineers of all ages.

That’s my first impression of Maker Faire, the circus for do-it-yourselfers which comes to Silicon Valley once a year and increasingly shows up at other venues around the world. Think of it as Burning Man without a burning man and a whole lot more Legos.

I took my very first tour of the event this year. Here’s a sampler of who and what I saw beyond the rollout of Arduino Yun and an interview with Massimo Banzi and crew which I wrote about in a separate story.

Green is a big theme including at the bike-powered music stage.

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Compound in Mediterranean diet makes cancer cells 'mortal'

May 20, 2013 — New research suggests that a compound abundant in the Mediterranean diet takes away cancer cells' "superpower" to escape death.

By altering a very specific step in gene regulation, this compound essentially re-educates cancer cells into normal cells that die as scheduled.

One way that cancer cells thrive is by inhibiting a process that would cause them to die on a regular cycle that is subject to strict programming. This study in cells, led by Ohio State University researchers, found that a compound in certain plant-based foods, called apigenin, could stop breast cancer cells from inhibiting their own death.

Much of what is known about the health benefits of nutrients is based on epidemiological studies that show strong positive relationships between eating specific foods and better health outcomes, especially reduced heart disease. But how the actual molecules within these healthful foods work in the body is still a mystery in many cases, and particularly with foods linked to lower risk for cancer.

Parsley, celery and chamomile tea are the most common sources of apigenin, but it is found in many fruits and vegetables.

The researchers also showed in this work that apigenin binds with an estimated 160 proteins in the human body, suggesting that other nutrients linked to health benefits -- called "nutraceuticals" -- might have similar far-reaching effects. In contrast, most pharmaceutical drugs target a single molecule.

"We know we need to eat healthfully, but in most cases we don't know the actual mechanistic reasons for why we need to do that," said Andrea Doseff, associate professor of internal medicine and molecular genetics at Ohio State and a co-lead author of the study. "We see here that the beneficial effect on health is attributed to this dietary nutrient affecting many proteins. In its relationship with a set of specific proteins, apigenin re-establishes the normal profile in cancer cells. We think this can have great value clinically as a potential cancer-prevention strategy."

Doseff oversaw this work with co-lead author Erich Grotewold, professor of molecular genetics and director of Ohio State's Center for Applied Plant Sciences (CAPS). The two collaborate on studying the genomics of apigenin and other flavonoids, a family of plant compounds that are believed to prevent disease.

The research appears this week in the online early edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Though finding that apigenin can influence cancer cell behavior was an important outcome of the work, Grotewold and Doseff point to their new biomedical research technique as a transformative contribution to nutraceutical research.

They likened the technique to "fishing" for the human proteins in cells that interact with small molecules available in the diet.

"You can imagine all the potentially affected proteins as tiny fishes in a big bowl. We introduce this molecule to the bowl and effectively lure only the truly affected proteins based on structural characteristics that form an attraction," Doseff said. "We know this is a real partnership because we can see that the proteins and apigenin bind to each other."

Through additional experimentation, the team established that apigenin had relationships with proteins that have three specific functions. Among the most important was a protein called hnRNPA2.

This protein influences the activity of messenger RNA, or mRNA, which contains the instructions needed to produce a specific protein. The production of mRNA results from the splicing, or modification, of RNA that occurs as part of gene activation. The nature of the splice ultimately influences which protein instructions the mRNA contains.

Doseff noted that abnormal splicing is the culprit in an estimated 80 percent of all cancers. In cancer cells, two types of splicing occur when only one would take place in a normal cell -- a trick on the cancer cells' part to keep them alive and reproducing.

In this study, the researchers observed that apigenin's connection to the hnRNPA2 protein restored this single-splice characteristic to breast cancer cells, suggesting that when splicing is normal, cells die in a programmed way, or become more sensitive to chemotherapeutic drugs.

"So by applying this nutrient, we can activate that killing machinery. The nutrient eliminated the splicing form that inhibited cell death," said Doseff, also an investigator in Ohio State's Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute. "Thus, this suggests that when we eat healthfully, we are actually promoting more normal splice forms inside the cells in our bodies."

The beneficial effects of nutraceuticals are not limited to cancer, as the investigators previously showed that apigenin has anti-inflammatory activities.

The scientists noted that with its multiple cellular targets, apigenin potentially offers a variety of additional benefits that may even occur over time. "The nutrient is targeting many players, and by doing that, you get an overall synergy of the effect," Grotewold explained.

Doseff is leading a study in mice, testing whether food modified to contain proper doses of this nutrient can change splicing forms in the animals' cells and produce an anti-cancer effect.

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Ant study could help future robot teams work underground

By studying fire ants in the laboratory using video tracking equipment and X-ray computed tomography, researchers have uncovered fundamental principles of locomotion that robot teams could one day use to travel quickly and easily through underground tunnels. Among the principles is building tunnel environments that assist in moving around by limiting slips and falls, and by reducing the need for complex neural processing.

Among the study's surprises was the first observation that ants in confined spaces use their antennae for locomotion as well as for sensing the environment.

"Our hypothesis is that the ants are creating their environment in just the right way to allow them to move up and down rapidly with a minimal amount of neural control," said Dan Goldman, an associate professor in the School of Physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and one of the paper's co-authors. "The environment allows the ants to make missteps and not suffer for them. These ants can teach us some remarkably effective tricks for maneuvering in subterranean environments."

The research was scheduled to be reported May 20 in the early online edition of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The work was sponsored by the National Science Foundation's Physics of Living Systems program.

In a series of studies carried out by graduate research assistant Nick Gravish, groups of fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) were placed into tubes of soil and allowed to dig tunnels for 20 hours. To simulate a range of environmental conditions, Gravish and postdoctoral fellow Daria Monaenkova varied the size of the soil particles from 50 microns on up to 600 microns, and also altered the moisture content from 1 to 20 percent.

While the particle size and moisture content did produce changes in the volume of tunnels produced and the depth that the ants dug, the diameters of the tunnels remained constant -- and comparable to the length of the creatures' own bodies: about 3.5 millimeters.

"Independent of whether the soil particles were as large as the animals' heads or whether they were fine powder, or whether the soil was damp or contained very little moisture, the tunnel size was always the same within a tight range," said Goldman. "The size of the tunnels appears to be a design principle used by the ants, something that they were controlling for."

Gravish believes such a scaling effect allows the ants to make best use of their antennae, limbs and body to rapidly ascend and descend in the tunnels by interacting with the walls and limiting the range of possible missteps.

"In these subterranean environments where their leg motions are certainly hindered, we see that the speeds at which these ants can run are the same," he said. "The tunnel size seems to have little, if any, effect on locomotion as defined by speed."

The researchers used X-ray computed tomography to study tunnels the ants built in the test chambers, gathering 168 observations. They also used video tracking equipment to collect data on ants moving through tunnels made between two clear plates -- much like "ant farms" sold for children -- and through a maze of glass tubes of differing diameters.

The maze was mounted on an air piston which could periodically be fired, dropping the maze with a force of as much as 27 times that of gravity. The sudden movement caused about half of the ants in the tubes to lose their footing and begin to fall. That led to one of the study's most surprising findings: the creatures used their antennae to help grab onto the tube walls as they fell.

"A lot of us who have studied social insects for a long time have never seen antennae used in that way," said Michael Goodisman, a professor in the Georgia Tech School of Biology and one of the paper's other co-authors. "It's incredible that they catch themselves with their antennae. This is an adaptive behavior that we never would have expected."

By analyzing ants falling in the glass tubes, the researchers determined that the tube diameter played a key role in whether the animals could arrest their fall.

In future studies, the researchers plan to explore how the ants excavate their tunnel networks, which involves moving massive amounts of soil. That soil is the source of the large mounds for which fire ants are known.

While the research focused on understanding the principles behind how ants move in confined spaces, the results could have implications for future teams of small robots.

"The problems that the ants face are the same kinds of problems that a digging robot working in a confined space would potentially face -- the need for rapid movement, stability and safety -- all with limited sensing and brain power," said Goodisman. "If we want to build machines that dig, we can build in controls like these ants have."

Why use fire ants for studying underground locomotion?

"These animals dig virtually non-stop, and they are good, repeatable study subjects," Goodisman explained. "And they are very convenient for us to study. We can go outside the laboratory door and collect them virtually anywhere."

The research described here has been sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant POLS 095765, and by the Burroughs Wellcome Fund. The findings and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NSF.

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Do salamanders' immune systems hold the key to regeneration?

May 20, 2013 — Salamanders' immune systems are key to their remarkable ability to regrow limbs, and could also underpin their ability to regenerate spinal cords, brain tissue and even parts of their hearts, scientists have found.

In research published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences researchers from the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI) at Monash University found that when immune cells known as macrophages were systemically removed, salamanders lost their ability to regenerate a limb and instead formed scar tissue.

Lead researcher, Dr James Godwin, a Fellow in the laboratory of ARMI Director Professor Nadia Rosenthal, said the findings brought researchers a step closer to understanding what conditions were needed for regeneration.

"Previously, we thought that macrophages were negative for regeneration, and this research shows that that's not the case -- if the macrophages are not present in the early phases of healing, regeneration does not occur," Dr Godwin said.

"Now, we need to find out exactly how these macrophages are contributing to regeneration. Down the road, this could lead to therapies that tweak the human immune system down a more regenerative pathway."

Salamanders deal with injury in a remarkable way. The end result is the complete functional restoration of any tissue, on any part of the body including organs. The regenerated tissue is scar free and almost perfectly replicates the injury site before damage occurred.

"We can look to salamanders as a template of what perfect regeneration looks like," Dr Godwin said.

Aside from "holy grail" applications, such as healing spinal cord and brain injuries, Dr Godwin believes that studying the healing processes of salamanders could lead to new treatments for a number of common conditions, such as heart and liver diseases, which are linked to fibrosis or scarring. Promotion of scar-free healing would also dramatically improve patients' recovery following surgery.

There are indications that there is the capacity for regeneration in a range of animal species, but it has, in most cases been turned off by evolution.

"Some of these regenerative pathways may still be open to us. We may be able to turn up the volume on some of these processes," Dr Godwin said.

"We need to know exactly what salamanders do and how they do it well, so we can reverse-engineer that into human therapies."

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The mammoth's lament: How cosmic impact sparked devastating climate change

Something -- global-scale combustion caused by a comet scraping our planet's atmosphere or a meteorite slamming into its surface -- scorched the air, melted bedrock and altered the course of Earth's history. Exactly what it was is unclear, but this event jump-started what Kenneth Tankersley, an assistant professor of anthropology and geology at the University of Cincinnati, calls the last gasp of the last ice age.

"Imagine living in a time when you look outside and there are elephants walking around in Cincinnati," Tankersley says. "But by the time you're at the end of your years, there are no more elephants. It happens within your lifetime."

Tankersley explains what he and a team of international researchers found may have caused this catastrophic event in Earth's history in their research, "Evidence for Deposition of 10 Million Tonnes of Impact Spherules Across Four Continents 12,800 Years Ago," which was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

This research might indicate that it wasn't the cosmic collision that extinguished the mammoths and other species, Tankersley says, but the drastic change to their environment.

"The climate changed rapidly and profoundly. And coinciding with this very rapid global climate change was mass extinctions."

Putting a Finger On the End of the Ice Age

Tankersley is an archaeological geologist. He uses geological techniques, in the field and laboratory, to solve archaeological questions. He's found a treasure trove of answers to some of those questions in Sheriden Cave in Wyandot County, Ohio. It's in that spot, 100 feet below the surface, where Tankersley has been studying geological layers that date to the Younger Dryas time period, about 13,000 years ago.

About 12,000 years before the Younger Dryas, Earth was at the Last Glacial Maximum -- the peak of the Ice Age. Millennia passed, and the climate began to warm. Then something happened that caused temperatures to suddenly reverse course, bringing about a century's worth of near-glacial climate that marked the start of the geologically brief Younger Dryas.

There are only about 20 archaeological sites in the world that date to this time period and only 12 in the United States -- including Sheriden Cave.

"There aren't many places on the planet where you can actually put your finger on the end of the last ice age, and Sheriden Cave is one of those rare places where you can do that," Tankersley says.

Rock-Solid Evidence of Cosmic Calamity

In studying this layer, Tankersley found ample evidence to support the theory that something came close enough to Earth to melt rock and produce other interesting geological phenomena. Foremost among the findings were carbon spherules. These tiny bits of carbon are formed when substances are burned at very high temperatures. The spherules exhibit characteristics that indicate their origin, whether that's from burning coal, lightning strikes, forest fires or something more extreme. Tankersley says the ones in his study could only have been formed from the combustion of rock.

The spherules also were found at 17 other sites across four continents -- an estimated 10 million metric tons' worth -- further supporting the idea that whatever changed Earth did so on a massive scale. It's unlikely that a wildfire or thunderstorm would leave a geological calling card that immense -- covering about 50 million square kilometers.

"We know something came close enough to Earth and it was hot enough that it melted rock -- that's what these carbon spherules are. In order to create this type of evidence that we see around the world, it was big," Tankersley says, contrasting the effects of an event so massive with the 1883 volcanic explosion on Krakatoa in Indonesia. "When Krakatoa blew its stack, Cincinnati had no summer. Imagine winter all year-round. That's just one little volcano blowing its top."

Other important findings include:

Micrometeorites: smaller pieces of meteorites or particles of cosmic dust that have made contact with Earth's surface.
Nanodiamonds: microscopic diamonds formed when a carbon source is subjected to an extreme impact, often found in meteorite craters.
Lonsdaleite: a rare type of diamond, also called a hexagonal diamond, only found in non-terrestrial areas such as meteorite craters.

Three Choices at the Crossroads of Oblivion

Tankersley says while the cosmic strike had an immediate and deadly effect, the long-term side effects were far more devastating -- similar to Krakatoa's aftermath but many times worse -- making it unique in modern human history.

In the cataclysm's wake, toxic gas poisoned the air and clouded the sky, causing temperatures to plummet. The roiling climate challenged the existence of plant and animal populations, and it produced what Tankersley has classified as "winners" and "losers" of the Younger Dryas. He says inhabitants of this time period had three choices: relocate to another environment where they could make a similar living; downsize or adjust their way of living to fit the current surroundings; or swiftly go extinct. "Winners" chose one of the first two options while "losers," such as the wooly mammoth, took the last.

"Whatever this was, it did not cause the extinctions," Tankersley says. "Rather, this likely caused climate change. And climate change forced this scenario: You can move, downsize or you can go extinct."

Humans at the time were just as resourceful and intelligent as we are today. If you transported a teenager from 13,000 years ago into the 21st century and gave her jeans, a T-shirt and a Facebook account, she'd blend right in on any college campus. Back in the Younger Dryas, with mammoth off the dinner table, humans were forced to adapt -- which they did to great success.

Weather Report: Cloudy With a Chance of Extinction

That lesson in survivability is one that Tankersley applies to humankind today.

"Whether we want to admit it or not, we're living right now in a period of very rapid and profound global climate change. We're also living in a time of mass extinction," Tankersley says. "So I would argue that a lot of the lessons for surviving climate change are actually in the past."

He says it's important to consider a sustainable livelihood. Humans of the Younger Dryas were hunter-gatherers. When catastrophe struck, these humans found news ways and new places to hunt game and gather wild plants. Evidence found in Sheriden Cave shows that most of the plants and animals living there also endured. Of the 70 species known to have lived there before the Younger Dryas, 68 were found there afterward. The two that didn't make it were the giant beaver and the flat-headed peccary, a sharp-toothed pig the size of a black bear.

Tankersley also cautions that the possibility of another massive cosmic event should not be ignored. Like earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes, these types of natural disasters do happen, and as history has shown, it can be to devastating effect.

"One additional catastrophic change that we often fail to think about -- and it's beyond our control -- is something from outer space," Tankersley says. "It's a reminder of how fragile we are. Imagine an explosion that happened today that went across four continents. The human species would go on. But it would be different. It would be a game changer."

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Bed sharing leads to fivefold increase in risk of crib death for babies whose parents do not smoke

May 20, 2013 — Parents who share a bed with their breastfed baby could face a fivefold increase in the risk of crib death, even if the parents do not smoke, according to a new study. The research was led by the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and is published in BMJ Open.

Crib death -- also known as cot death or sudden infant death syndrome (SIDs) -- remains a major cause of death among babies under 1 year of age in high income countries. There is already a general consensus that sleeping with a baby increases the risk of cot death if the parents smoke or if the mother has been drinking alcohol or taking drugs. However, there are conflicting opinions as to whether bed sharing in general represents a risk when these factors are not present.

Some countries, including the US and the Netherlands, advise all parents against sharing a bed with their baby for the first 3 months. The UK currently only advises certain groups, including parents who are smokers, not to bed share.

The new study is the largest ever analysis of its kind. Researchers examined the individual records of 1,472 cot death cases and 4,679 control cases across five major studies. They found that the risk of cot death among breastfed babies under 3 months increased with bed sharing, even when the parents did not smoke and the mother had not consumed alcohol or drugs. This fivefold increase was in comparison to room sharing, where a baby slept in a cot in the parents' room.

The researchers estimate that 81% of cot deaths among babies under 3 months with no other risk factors could be prevented if they did not sleep in the same bed as their parents. The study also showed that the risk associated with bed sharing decreases as a baby gets older, and that the peak period for instances of cot death was between 7 and 10 weeks.

Professor Bob Carpenter from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine who was lead author on the study said: "Currently in the UK more than half of cot deaths occur while a baby is sleeping in the same bed as its parents. Although it is clear that smoking and drinking greatly increase the risk of cot death while bed sharing, our study shows that there is in fact an increased risk for all babies under 3 months who bed share, even if their parents do not smoke or drink.

"If parents were made aware of the risks of sleeping with their baby, and room sharing was instead promoted in the same way that the 'Back to Sleep' campaign was promoted 20 years ago to advise parents to place their newborn infants to sleep on their backs, we could achieve a substantial reduction in cot death rates in the UK. Annually there are around 300 cot death cases in babies under a year old in the UK, and this advice could save the lives of up to 40% of those. Health professionals need to make a definite stand against all bed sharing, especially for babies under 3 months."

The authors state that babies can still be brought into the parents' bed for comfort and feeding during the night, but that they should be placed in a cot next to the parents' bed to sleep.

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