Replica Watches: 05/22/13

2013-05-22

Phthalates -- chemicals widely found in plastics and processed food -- linked to elevated blood pressure in children and teens

Now, new research published this Wednesday in The Journal of Pediatrics suggests that certain types of phthalates could pose another risk to children: compromised heart health. Drawing on data from a nationally representative survey of nearly 3,000 children and teens, researchers at NYU Langone Medical Center, in collaboration with researchers at the University of Washington and Penn State University School of Medicine, have documented for the first time a connection between dietary exposure to DEHP (di-2-ethyhexylphthalate), a common class of phthalate widely used in industrial food production, and elevated systolic blood pressure, a measure of pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts.

"Phthalates can inhibit the function of cardiac cells and cause oxidative stress that compromises the health of arteries. But no one has explored the relationship between phthalate exposure and heart health in children" says lead author Leonardo Trasande, MD, MPP, associate professor of pediatrics, environmental medicine and population health at NYU Langone Medical Center. "We wanted to examine the link between phthalates and childhood blood pressure in particular given the increase in elevated blood pressure in children and the increasing evidence implicating exposure to environmental exposures in early development of disease."

Hypertension is clinically defined as a systolic blood-pressure reading above 140 mm Hg. It's most common in people over 50 years old, although the condition is becoming increasingly prevalent among children owing to the global obesity epidemic. Recent national surveys indicate that 14 percent of American adolescents now have pre-hypertension or hypertension. "Obesity is driving the trend but our findings suggest that environmental factors may also be a part of the problem," says Dr. Trasande. "This is important because phthalate exposure can be controlled through regulatory and behavioral interventions."

Researchers from NYU School of Medicine, the University of Washington and Penn State University School of Medicine examined six years of data from a nationally representative survey of the U.S. population administered by the National Centers for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Phthalates were measured in urine samples using standard analysis techniques. Controlling for a number of potential confounders, including race, socioeconomic status, body mass index, caloric intake and activity levels, the researchers found that every three-fold increase in the level of breakdown products of DEHP in urine correlated with a roughly one-millimeter mercury increase in a child's blood pressure. "That increment may seem very modest at an individual level, but on a population level such shifts in blood pressure can increase the number of children with elevated blood pressure substantially," says Dr. Trasande. "Our study underscores the need for policy initiatives that limit exposure to disruptive environmental chemicals, in combination with dietary and behavioral interventions geared toward protecting cardiovascular health."

This research was made possible through the generous support of KiDs of NYU Langone, an organization of parents, physicians, and friends that supports children's health services at New York University Langone Medical Center through philanthropy, community service, and advocacy.

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Bee and wild flower biodiversity loss slows

May 22, 2013 — Declines in the biodiversity of pollinating insects and wild plants have slowed in recent years, according to a new study.

Researchers led by the University of Leeds and the Naturalis Biodiversity Centre in the Netherlands found evidence of dramatic reductions in the diversity of species in Britain, Belgium and the Netherlands between the 1950s and 1980s.

But the picture brightened markedly after 1990, with a slowdown in local and national biodiversity losses among bees, hoverflies and wild plants.

Professor Bill Kunin, Professor of Ecology at the University of Leeds, said: "Most observers have been saying that the 1992 Rio Earth Summit targets to slow biodiversity loss by 2010 failed, but what we are seeing is a significant slowing or reversal of the declines for wild plants and their insect pollinators.

"These species are important to us. About a third of our food production, including most of our fruit and vegetables, depends on animal pollination and we know that most crop pollination is done by wild pollinators. Biodiversity is important to ensuring we don't lose that service. Relying on a few species could be risky in a changing environment," he added.

The study, published in the journal Ecology Letters, found a 30 per cent fall in local bumblebee biodiversity in all three countries between the 1950s and the 1980s. However, that decline slowed to an estimated 10 per cent in Britain by 2010, while in Belgium and the Netherlands bumblebee diversity had stabilised.

The picture was better for other wild bees, with an 8 per cent reduction in diversity in the Netherlands and a stable picture in Great Britain turning into significant increases (7 per cent in the Netherlands and 10 per cent in Britain) over the past 20 years. While these solitary bees continued to decline in Belgium, hoverfly diversity improved there, shifting from stable diversity in the 1980s to significant (20 per cent) increases in recent decades. British wildflower diversity had declined about 20 per cent from the 1950s to the 1980s, but again the declines have ceased in the past 20 years.

Not all groups fared so well. Butterfly diversity continued to fall in all three countries at roughly the same rates as in the past.

Dr Luisa Carvalheiro, lead author on the paper, said: "It is possible that by 1990 the most sensitive species had already gone. However, that's probably not the whole story, as there are still plenty of rare and vulnerable species present in recent records.

"There is a much more encouraging possibility: the conservation work and agri-environment programs paying farmers to encourage biodiversity may be having an effect. We may also be seeing a slowdown of the drivers of decline. The postwar emphasis on getting land into production and on more intensive farming has given way to a more stable situation in which the rate of landscape change has slowed and in which agrichemical excesses are regulated.

Dr Carvalheiro said: "If what we take from the Rio targets is that the investment in conservation gave us no results, then that is a counsel of despair. This study brings a positive message for conservation. But some important groups are undoubtedly still declining, so continued and increased investment in conservation practices is essential for guaranteeing the persistence of a diverse assemblage of species."

Co-author Professor Koos Biesmeijer, who works both at the University of Leeds and Naturalis, said: "This paper builds on a widely-publicised study we published in 2006 that established that the diversity of bees and of wildflowers had declined. Our new work is based on a much bigger dataset and improved analytic methods, and it reveals much more detail about the scale and timing of biodiversity losses.

"However, while we can use biodiversity records to measure changes in the diversity of pollinators, we can't tell what's happening to their overall abundance or to the quality of the pollination services they provide to wildflowers or agricultural crops. To study these issues would require a long-term monitoring programme."

The research team, including scientists from 18 institutions in Europe and the United States, used historical and contemporary records of species' presence held by organizations including the European Invertebrate Survey, Butterfly Conservation, the Bees Wasps and Ants Recording Society, the INBO Research Institute for Nature and Forest in Belgium and the University of Mons, Belgium.

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当代工艺收藏迎来火热春天

　　作者:鱼刚

　　据悉,福建东南2013春季拍卖会将于5月26日在福州香格里拉大酒店拉开帷幕,届时将举办包括当代工艺精品专场、茶道具专场、寿山石雕精品专场以及寿山石雕珍品夜场在内的四个专场拍卖.其中,当代工艺精品专场可谓当代书斋文化的集中体现,内容包括木雕、竹刻、沉香雕刻及香道具、古典家具等各类文房器具,更汇集了如俞开明、黄宏疆、江晓、吴元星、等当代工艺美术名家之作,可谓珍品云集,精彩纷呈.另据了解,此次东南春拍将于本周四(5月23日)在福建省民间艺术馆[微博][微博]以及福建海峡文交所展厅开启为期三天的公开预展,市民朋友及收藏爱好者可前往一睹书斋文化的当代风雅.

　　书斋文化激活审美趣味

　　随着收藏群体审美水准的提升,在考虑投资收益的同时,收藏家有着更高的审美追求,古代文人的书斋生活也成为他们向往的生活方式.同时,作为传统文化的精髓之一,书斋文化在近些年也被世人所重视,其中的工艺美术作品成为人们营造书斋文化的重要组成部分.

　　记者在采访中了解到,东南拍卖坚持“让艺术融入生活,让收藏回归审美”的价值理念,坚守当代工艺美术的推广与价值发掘,其理念与传统的书斋文化和文人美学高度契合.值此书斋文化与文人美学渐渐复苏、藏家的审美需求与投资需求渐趋平衡之际,东南拍卖再次推出当代工艺美术的儒雅盛宴,以飨藏家.东南拍卖今春举办当代工艺精品专场,延续以往的文化价值追求,汇聚当代重要工艺名家,作品品类繁多,良材精工,美不胜收.盛事将启,相信能够为藏家带来古朴典雅、恬淡幽静的审美体验.

　　品目繁盛汇集名家精品之作

　　首先,木雕竹刻汇集了俞开明、林建军、黄宏疆、吴元星等名家的重要作品.如俞开明所创作的木雕“市井人物”系列,无论是“替人算卦”的算命先生,还是“搔背不求人”的老翁；无论是“翘首以待”地举头吟啸的市井隐者,还是盯着茶碗“论茗待品”的“茶痴”,其人物形象都在他们的举手投足间变得分外鲜明,充满生活情趣.黄宏疆则有《山云得自在》、《秋风图》两件留青竹刻作品上拍,作品中的层次、明暗、浓淡的不同效果被表现的淋漓尽致,使人观后产生可观、可游、可居之感,犹如身临其境.此外,吴元星有《今朝听喜声》、《题竹诗》、《鹅》三件留青竹刻作品亮相,其中,《今朝听喜声》,在古拙的背景中,突然闯入一双喜鹊,它们的姿态各不相同,其一垂首回望,另一只则翘首展翅,如在高声吟唱,静中有动,生机盎然,实为留青竹刻中不可多得的佳品.

　　除木雕竹刻之外,沉香和香道具也是此次专场拍卖中的重要看点.尤其是沉香雕刻一直深受藏家的青睐.此次专场中,雕刻艺术家江晓将有三件沉香作品上拍,其中《卧石观云》摆件,作者直接利用沉香的自然形态,稍加雕饰形成了一束妖娆飘逸的云彩,构成了作品整体外观的视觉冲击力；同时,作者将雕刻的重点放到高士身上,所雕人物神情自然,仰头观望,整好与竖起的云彩形成视线联系,令人称奇.整个作品流露出作者崇尚自然,向往归隐的恬静生活的心绪.此外,吴元星作《双螭》沉香臂搁,因螭虎自然的动态,以及古朴的纹饰增添了丰富的意趣,耐人玩味.

　　另外,此专场中的古典家具板块将上拍包括紫檀八仙桌、紫檀嵌湘妃竹博古架、越南黄花梨圈椅套件等重要品目,均为明、清经典形制,当代名匠手工打造.而文房板块包括紫檀笔筒、镇纸、水盛、都承盘、砚台以及文玩套件等案头之物,怡情养性,极具传统文人的审美意趣,值得收藏爱好者重点关注.

　　茶道具专场首度亮相东南春拍

　　近年来,随着经济发展,茶道文化于人们的生活中开始复苏,茶道具作为茶道文化的物质载体也随之受到追捧,或为使用或为收藏鉴赏,都极为考究.与之相应,茶道具也在艺术品市场崭露头角,且在短时期内得到优异表现,尤其一些品质典雅的日本茶道具成为中国艺市的新宠,受到各方关注.尤其茶道通过感官引发精神层面的享受,进而激发审美的变化.茶道具拍卖市场虽然属于新兴市场,但其发展前景不可低估.

　　同时,由于具有深厚的茶文化底蕴,福建本土藏家较早地介入茶道具的收藏,且在近年有不断扩大之势,规模相当可观.在此环境下,福建东南首次推出了茶道具专场,成为此次拍卖会的重要看点之一.上拍品目包括紫砂壶、日本金银茶壶、茶盏、茶盘等精品茶道具.值得注意的是,此次专场主办方特地从台湾的茶壶收藏协会征集了一批茶壶精品,均为现代名家手工制作,且递藏有序,极具审美价值与收藏价值.不妨大胆预测,此专场的处女秀或成“拍场黑马”,推动该门类的收藏热潮.

来源:新浪收藏

TAG:当代工艺收藏迎来火热春天翡翠翡翠手镯中国翡翠网翡翠新闻

Ethicists' behavior not more moral

May 21, 2013 — Do ethicists engage in better moral behavior than other professors? The answer is no. Nor are they more likely than nonethicists to act according to values they espouse, according to researchers from the University of California, Riverside and Stetson University in Florida.

In a study published in the journal Metaphilosophy -- "Ethicists' and Nonethicists' Responsiveness to Student E-mails: Relationships among Expressed Normative Attitude, Self-described Behavior, and Empirically Observed Behavior" -- philosophers Eric Schwitzgebel of UC Riverside and Joshua Rust of Stetson University found that ethics professors were no more likely than other philosophers or scholars in other disciplines to respond to student emails, even though a significant majority said that failure to do so is morally bad.

While faculty -- particularly ethicists -- who placed a high moral value on responding to student emails also typically rated themselves high on their responsiveness, Schwitzgebel and Rust found that assessment to be generally inaccurate.

"If professors have an obligation to respond to emails from students, then arguably they also have a further obligation to track whether or not they are meeting the first obligation, so that if they are not meeting the first obligation they can take corrective measures," the philosophers wrote. "If this is correct, then the present study offers not just one measure of morality, email responsiveness, but two: email responsiveness and meeting one's moral obligation not to be deluded about one's level of email responsiveness. Professors remain far short of ideal by either measure, ethicists no less so than others."

Approximately half of American ethicists believe that professional ethicists behave at least a little morally better than nonethicists, Schwitzgebel and Rust said. In 2009 the two began a series of experiments to determine if that is so.

One previous study found that philosophy books dealing with ethics were more likely to be missing from leading academic libraries than similar nonethics books in philosophy. Another found that ethicists and political science professors voted at the same rate as did nonethicist philosophers and professors in departments other than philosophy. Two other studies found that ethicists behaved no more courteously than nonethicists and were as likely to avoid paying registration fees as nonethicists at conferences of the American Philosophical Association.

Does it matter if ethicists behave any better morally or act more consistently with their espoused values than nonethicists?

If professional ethicists do no better at demonstrating moral behavior or greater consistency between attitude and behavior, that creates a challenge for those who advocate ethics instruction for its effects on behavior, Schwitzgebel and Rust wrote.

This "boosterism" view of philosophical moral reflection -- articulated by Plato, Aristotle, Kant, Mill and others -- contends that moral reflection will improve moral behavior. Opponents of that view, whom Schwitzgebel and Rust describe as "scoffers," argue that people are going to do what they want anyway and that the role of moral reflection is to excuse their behavior after the fact.

"That is not my own opinion," Schwitzgebel said.

Moral reflection is important to contemplate not simply because it is part of the human condition, he added.

"If we say that moral reflection has only abstract value we lose something huge. Part of the justification of teaching business ethics, medical ethics and personal values is the hope that we can have a positive effect on the behavior of you and me."

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Climate change and wildfire

May 21, 2013 — Concerns continue to grow about the effects of climate change on fire. Wildfires are expected to increase 50 percent across the United States under a changing climate, over 100 percent in areas of the West by 2050 as projected by some studies. Of equal concern to scientists and policymakers alike are the atmospheric effects of wildfire emissions on climate.

A new article published in the journal Forest Ecology and Management by U.S. Forest Service scientists synthesizes recent findings on the interactions between fire and climate and outlines future research needs. Authored by research meteorologists Yongqiang Liu and Scott Goodrick from the Forest Service Southern Research Station (SRS) and Warren Heilman from the Northern Research Station, the article homes in on the effect of emissions from wildfires on long-term atmospheric conditions.

"While research has historically focused on fire-weather interactions, there is increasing attention paid to fire-climate interactions," says Liu, lead author and team leader with the SRS Center for Forest Disturbance Science. "Weather, the day-to-day state of the atmosphere in a region, influences individual fires within a fire season. In contrast, when we talk about fire climate, we're looking at the statistics of weather over a certain period. Fire climate sets atmospheric conditions for fire activity in longer time frames and larger geographic scales."

Wildfires impact atmospheric conditions through emissions of gases, particles, water, and heat. Some of the article focuses on radiative forcing from fire emissions. Radiative forcing refers to the change in net (down minus up) irradiance (solar plus longwave) at the tropopause, the top of the troposphere where most weather takes place.

Smoke particles can generate radiative forcing mainly through scattering and absorbing solar radiation (direct radiative forcing), and modifying the cloud droplet concentrations and lifetime, and hence the cloud radiative properties (indirect radiative forcing). The change in radiation can cause further changes in global temperatures and precipitation.

"Wildfire emissions can have remarkable impacts on radiative forcing," says Liu.

"During fire events or burning seasons, smoke particles reduce overall solar radiation absorbed by the atmosphere at local and regional levels. At the global scale, fire emissions of carbon dioxide contribute substantially to the global greenhouse effect."

Other major findings covered in the synthesis include:

The radiative forcing of smoke particles can generate significant regional climate effects, leading to lower temperatures at the ground surface.
Smoke particles mostly suppress cloud formation and precipitation. Fire events could lead to more droughts.
Black carbon, essentially the fine particles of carbon that color smoke, plays different roles in affecting climate. In the middle and lower atmosphere, its presence could lead to a more stable atmosphere. Black carbon plays a special role in the snow-climate feedback loop, accelerating snow melting.

Land surface changes may be triggered that also play into future effects. "Wildfire is a disturbance of ecosystems," says Liu. "Besides the atmospheric impacts, wildfires also modify terrestrial ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration, soil fertility, grazing value, biodiversity, and tourism. The effects can in turn trigger land use changes that in turn affect the atmosphere."

The article concludes by outlining issues that lead to uncertainties in understanding fire-climate interactions and the future research needed to address them.

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Lost in translocation? How bird song could help save species

Ecologists from the University of Waikato and Lincoln University in New Zealand studied the North Island kōkako, an iconic bird with a haunting, organ-like song. Once widespread in the North Island, loss of habitat by deforestation and predation by rats, possums and stoats decimated the population. By 1999, fewer than 400 pairs remained, and between 2001 and 2007, several pairs were moved from Te Urewera National Park to two other reserves: Boundary Stream Mainland Island and Ngapukeriki.

To find out how moving the kōkako has affected their song, the researchers made hundreds of recordings in the three populations and analysed differences in song using sonograms. They then used playback experiments to discover how birds from one population reacted to another populations' song.

They found the songs of translocated birds had diverged substantially from the source population, becoming less diverse with shorter and higher-pitched elements. According to Dr Laura Molles from Lincoln University: "Not only how kōkako sing in translocated populations, but also what they sing differs from kōkako in the source population."

The greatest changes were found in the population that had been translocated for longest, indicating the songs may become more different over time. But despite the divergence between each population's song, the playback experiments showed that the birds could not yet tell them apart.

"The songs diverge because birds such as kōkako learn their songs from parents, siblings and neighbours. As translocation usually involves only a small number of indivuals, they will take with them only a small portion of all the song elements in the larger source population. Subsequent variation in small populations will depend on that subset of songs and will then differ from the larger song pool in the source population," Dr Molles explains.

The study has important implications for conservation. Although in this study the kōkako populations have not been separated for long enough to cause song incompatibility, it will occur in time, the authors say. Once that happens, releasing additional birds into these populations could be problematic because song incompatibility could make interbreeding difficult.

As a result, says Dr Molles, conservationists should consider song variation as part of bird reintroductions: "We need to be aware that behavioural factors like song can also affect translocation success and recovery of endangered birds, and adapt our management of these populations accordingly. This means that we may have to work harder but the good news is that if we consider one more factor that we now know may also affect translocation, we will be more likely to succeed in conserving birds."

The North Island kōkako is one of New Zealand's most iconic bird species. The size of a common pigeon, both males and females have blue-grey plumage with black masks and striking bright blue wattles. Both sexes sing, and pairs duet, with a haunting voice and the birds' astonishingly varied organ-like notes can be heard over 1km away.

They have limited flying power, instead moving like squirrels through the branches and gliding from hill tops to valleys. They live in the temperate rainforest, feeding mainly on fruit and leaves. Once widespread, their numbers collapsed due to deforestation and predation by rats, stoats and possums, and by 1999 fewer than 400 pairs remained. Thanks to translocation to safe offshore islands, numbers have increased to around 800 pairs today.

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Broadcom’s CTO on Ethernet’s six key directions

MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif. – Luminaries in communications technology gather this week at the Computer History Museum here to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Ethernet. We talked with Broadcom co-founder and chief technology officer Henry Samueli about six directions in which he sees the technology heading.

We start with the car. Broadcom is a relative newcomer to automotive electronics, but it has set up an alliance to drive Ethernet into tomorrow’s cars using Broadcom silicon. It competes with the Media Oriented Systems Transport (MOST) group formed in 1998.

“We will see a transition to Ethernet in automotive [because] as we’ve seen in every other market, Ethernet always wins,” said Samueli. “We are doing extraordinarily well with 100-plus members in our alliance-- every major auto maker behind a single copper pair for 100 Mbits/s Ethernet in automobiles.

“This year BMW will deploy it in some models,” Samueli said. “It’s taking off better than expected, and in five plus years it will the de facto standard in cars,” he predicted.

MOST has been around the automotive market longer, recently boosted its data rates to 150 Mbits/s and claims support for Ethernet.

“MOST is the incumbent and has a lot of backers, but Ethernet always wins--it has a massive installed base and ecosystem that keeps driving costs down,” he said.

Silicon photonics has gotten a lot of attention especially for use in the data center. Recently, Intel announced a 100G technology and Mellanox acquired startup Kotura.

“Silicon photonics is a very important technology for the concentration of data rates in network switches,” Samueli said. “Our Trident 2 switch chip has up to 1.28 terabits/s of data coming on and off the chip in real time and its getting more and more expensive in power dissipation and consumption to do that electrically, so moving optics closer to silicon makes sense--it will happen as we move beyond Tbit,” he said.

Samueli wouldn’t say just how or when Broadcom will get into silicon photonics. However, he did say the company has multiple projects in development using the latest 25 Gbit/s serdes and research on 50 and 100G serial links. The 25G serdes will be a key building block for next-gen 400G Ethernet now being defined by the IEEE.
Next: Ethernet shifts in SDN, mobile

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Drawing closer to Alzheimers magic bullet? Drugs found to both prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease in mice

May 21, 2013 — Imagine a pharmaceutical prevention, treatment or even cure for Alzheimer's disease.

It is almost impossible to overstate how monumental a development that would be and how it would answer the prayers of millions.

Though science isn't there yet, a new study published in The Journal of Neuroscience spearheaded by USC Davis School of Gerontology researchers offers a tantalizing glimpse of potential solutions.

"Our data suggests the possibility of drugs that can prevent and treat Alzheimer's," said lead author, professor and lab principal Christian Pike of USC Davis. "It's just mouse data but extremely encouraging mouse data."

The team studied the effects of a class of drugs called TSPO ligands on male mice that were genetically engineered to develop Alzheimer's disease, known as 3xTg-AD mice. Because a key mechanism of TSPO ligands is to increase production of steroid hormones, it was important to ensure that the mice had low levels of testosterone and related hormones before treatment. Younger mice were castrated while, in older mice, the decrease occurred as a normal consequence of aging.

"We looked at the effects of TSPO ligands in young adult mice when pathology was at an early stage and in aged mice when pathology was quite severe," Pike said. "TSPO ligands reduced measures of pathology and improved behavior at both ages."

The most surprising finding for Pike and his team was the effect of TSPO ligands in the aged mice. Four treatments -- one per week over four weeks -- in aged 3xTg-AD mice resulted in significant lowering of Alzheimer's-related pathology and improvements in memory behavior. This finding suggested the possibility that TSPO ligands can reverse components of Alzheimer's and thus have the potential to be useful in treatment.

For humans, these findings may indeed be quite significant.

"TSPO ligands are currently used in humans in certain types of neuroimaging. Newer TSPO ligands are at the clinical trials stage of development for treatment of anxiety and other conditions," Pike said. "There is a strong possibility that TSPO ligands similar to the ones used in our study could be evaluated for therapeutic efficacy in Alzheimer's patients within the next few years."

In light of the findings, the team will next focus on understanding how TSPO ligands reduce Alzheimer's pathology. Building on the established knowledge that TSPO ligands can act protectively by reducing inflammation, shielding nerve cells from injury and increasing the production of neuroactive hormones in the brain, the team will study which of these actions is the most significant in fighting Alzheimer's so it can develop newer TSPO ligands accordingly.

While Pike and his team acknowledged that the findings represent an exciting possibility, the researchers also stressed that it is by no means a given.

"From the optimistic perspective, our data provide very promising findings with tangible potential benefits for both the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's," Pike said. "On the pessimistic side, research scientists have developed many interventions that cured Alzheimer's in mice but have failed to show significant benefits in humans. A critical direction we are currently pursuing is successfully translating these findings into humans."

Co-authors of the study were Anna Barron (former USC Davis postdoctoral student and Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan); Luis Garcia Segura (Instituto Cajal, Spain); Donatella Caruso and Roberto Melcangi (Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan); and Anusha Jayaraman and Joo Lee (USC Davis).

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health in support of the USC Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, directed by Helena Chui, professor of neurology and gerontology at USC.

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Drugs found to both prevent and treat Alzheimer's disease in mice

The drugs, known as "TSPO ligands," are currently used for certain types of neuroimaging.

"We looked at the effects of TSPO ligand in young adult mice when pathology was at an early stage, and in aged mice when pathology was quite severe," said lead researcher Christian Pike of the USC Davis School of Gerontology. "TSPO ligand reduced measures of pathology and improved behavior at both ages."

The team's findings were published online by the Journal of Neuroscience on May 15. Pike's coauthors include USC postdoctoral scientists Anna M. Barron, Anusha Jayaraman and Joo-Won Lee; as well as Donatella Caruso and Roberto C. Melcangi of the University of Milan and Luis M. Garcia-Segura of the Instituto Cajal in Spain.

The most surprising finding for Pike and his team was the effect of TSPO ligand in the aged mice. Four treatments -- once per week over four weeks -- in older mice resulted in a significant decrease of Alzheimer's-related symptoms and improvements in memory -- meaning that TSPO ligands may actually reverse some elements of Alzheimer's disease.

"Our data suggests the possibility of drugs that can prevent and treat Alzheimer's," Pike said. "It's just mouse data, but extremely encouraging mouse data. There is a strong possibility that TSPO ligands similar to the ones used in our study could be evaluated for therapeutic efficacy in Alzheimer's patients within the next few years."

Next, the team will next focus on understanding how TSPO ligands reduce Alzheimer's disease pathology. Building on the established knowledge that TSPO ligands can reduce inflammation -- shielding nerve cells from injury and increasing the production of neuroactive hormones in the brain -- the team will study which of these actions is the most significant in fighting Alzheimer's disease so they can develop newer TSPO ligands accordingly.

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Glaucoma drug can cause droopy eyelids

Researchers from the Massachusetts Eye and Ear performed multivariable analysis accounting for age, body mass index (BMI), medical conditions, and other glaucoma medications that could confound the potential association between PGAs and the periocular changes in a large, cross-sectional study that assesses the ocular anatomy of glaucoma patients with masked reviewers using a validated instrument.

"We identified important side effects of PGAs, namely the loss of periorbital fat in the upper and lower lid and the presence of ptosis," said senior author Louis R. Pasquale, M.D., F.A.R.V.O., director of the Glaucoma Service at Mass. Eye and Ear and associate professor of ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School. "The loss of periorbital fat was previously described by us in a small series of unilateral PGA users. In fact, those observations did ultimately lead to a change in drug labeling. These new findings could change labeling for the PGAs, as the upper lid ptosis could aggravate pre-existing visual field loss."

Researchers performed this study to confirm whether prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy (PAP) is clearly associated with PGA application among bilateral users using a validated grading scheme applied by masked observers and confirmed by clinical examination. They performed multivariable analyses to assess whether PAP was independently associated with PGA use or if it was the result of confounding features such as age, ethnicity, BMI or use of other classes of glaucoma medications. They studied 343 patients (186 females and 157 males) over the course of seven months in 2011.

The study showed associations between current bilateral PGA use and deepened upper eyelid sulci, hollowing of the inferior periorbital fat pads, upper eyelid ptosis with levator muscle dysfunction, and lower lid retraction. Their work demonstrated that PAP is fairly common and consists of findings that extend beyond deepening of the upper eyelid sulcus. A full description of the methods and results are in the paper.

"Because PGAs are a first line of treatment for glaucoma, these results provide physicians with one reason to reconsider when they should be added in new patients, particularly those where the aim is to prevent glaucoma such as in ocular hypertension patients or glaucoma suspects," Dr. Pasquale said.

Mamta Shah, M.D., a medical student from Boston University School of Medicine, led the research.

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New method for tailoring optical processors

May 21, 2013 — Rice University scientists have unveiled a robust new method for arranging metal nanoparticles in geometric patterns that can act as optical processors that transform incoming light signals into output of a different color. The breakthrough by a team of theoretical and applied physicists and engineers at Rice's Laboratory for Nanophotonics (LANP) is described this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Rice's team used the method to create an optical device in which incoming light could be directly controlled with light via a process known as "four-wave mixing." Four-wave mixing has been widely studied, but Rice's disc-patterning method is the first that can produce materials that are tailored to perform four-wave mixing with a wide range of colored inputs and outputs.

"Versatility is one of the advantages of this process," said study co-author Naomi Halas, director of LANP and Rice's Stanley C. Moore Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering and a professor of biomedical engineering, chemistry, physics and astronomy. "It allows us to mix colors in a very general way. That means not only can we send in beams of two different colors and get out a third color, but we can fine-tune the arrangements to create devices that are tailored to accept or produce a broad spectrum of colors."

The information processing that takes place inside today's computers, smartphones and tablets is electronic. Each of the billions of transistors in a computer chip uses electrical inputs to act upon and modify the electrical signals passing through it. Processing information with light instead of electricity could allow for computers that are both faster and more energy-efficient, but building an optical computer is complicated by the quantum rules that light obeys.

"In most circumstances, one beam of light won't interact with another," said LANP theoretical physicist Peter Nordlander, a co-author of the new study. "For instance, if you shine a flashlight at a wall and you cross that beam with the beam from a second flashlight, it won't matter. The light that comes out of the first flashlight will pass through, independent of the light from the second.

"This changes if the light is traveling in a 'nonlinear medium,'" he said. "The electromagnetic properties of a nonlinear medium are such that the light from one beam will interact with another. So, if you shine the two flashlights through a nonlinear medium, the intensity of the beam from the first flashlight will be reduced proportionally to the intensity of the second beam."

The patterns of metal discs LANP scientists created for the PNAS study are a type of nonlinear media. The team used electron-beam lithography to etch puck-shaped gold discs that were placed on a transparent surface for optical testing. The diameter of each disc was about one-thousandth the width of a human hair. Each was designed to harvest the energy from a particular frequency of light; by arranging a dozen of the discs in a closely spaced pattern, the team was able to enhance the nonlinear properties of the system by creating intense electrical fields.

"Our system exploits a particular plasmonic effect called a Fano resonance to boost the efficiency of the relatively weak nonlinear effect that underlies four-wave mixing," Nordlander said. "The result is a boost in the intensity of the third color of light that the device produces."

Graduate student and co-author Yu-Rong Zhen calculated the precise arrangement of 12 discs that would be required to produce two coherent Fano resonances in a single device, and graduate student and lead co-author Yu Zhang created the device that produced the four-wave mixing -- the first such material ever created.

"The device Zhang created for four-wave mixing is the most efficient yet produced for that purpose, but the value of this research goes beyond the design for this particular device," said Halas, who was recently named a member of the National Academy of Sciences for her pioneering research in nanophotonics. "The methods used to create this device can be applied to the production of a wide range of nonlinear media, each with tailored optical properties."

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