2011-08-05

MIPS, IP, processor, semiconductor, financial, results MIPS' fourth quarter disappoints


LONDON – Processor intellectual property licensor MIPS Technologies Inc. turned in a disappointing set of financial results for the second quarter of 2011 which was its own fourth fiscal quarter. Both revenue and net income were down from the same quarter a year before.

MIPS (Sunnyvale, Calif.) made a net income of $728,000 in its fourth fiscal quarter compared with net incomes of $3.4 million in the prior quarter and a net income of $5.9 million in the same quarter a year before. Fiscal fourth quarter revenue was $17.6 million, compared with $23.3 million in the year ago period. Revenue from royalties was $11.8 million, a decrease of 5 percent from the fourth quarter of FY10. License revenue was $5.8 million, a decrease of 47 percent from the $10.9 million reported in the fourth quarter a year ago.

"We had strong results for our fiscal year, but our fourth quarter proved to be more challenging than we expected. Despite macroeconomic uncertainty, we remain confident in the market opportunity, and we are taking the steps necessary to achieve long-term success," said Sandeep Vij, chief executive officer, MIPS Technologies, in a statement.

For the full fiscal year revenue was $82.0 million, a year-to-year increase of 16 percent. Licensee royalty units grew to 656 million units from 510 million units in the previous financial year. The non-GAAP net income was $22.9 million, up 30 percent year-to-year and cash and investment balances ended the fiscal year at $109.4 million, a year-to-year increase of $57.0 million.


Related links and articles:


China IP provider plans Power family

Taiwan nurtures the next ARM Paid

MIPS: Android remains processor neutral

Actions Semi tips MIPS-based Android SoC





MIPS, IP, processor, semiconductor, financial, results MIPS' fourth quarter disappoints

Vector Fabrics, Imagination, graphics, OpenCL, GPU, parallel, programming, semiconductor, processor Imagination, Vector Fabrics team on OpenCL


LONDON – Graphics processor IP licensor Imagination Technologies Group plc is working with Vector Fabrics BV to apply parallelization to software to be distributed across application processors that include PowerVR SGX graphics cores.

The use of the OpenCL-based vfEmbedded code development, analysis and parallelization tool will be demonstrated on the booth of Imagination (Kings Langley, England) at the Siggraph exhibition coming up in Vancouver August 9 to 11, according to Vector Fabrics (Eindhoven, The Netherlands).

The two companies consider that PowerVR graphics cores can not only render graphics for display but can use spare resources to deliver additional computation power. The use of OpenCL can provide a boost to certain algorithms and applications, Vectof Fabrics said.

The use of vfEmbedded can help application developers increase the performance and lower the power consumption of advanced application processor platforms, Vector Fabrics said.

"Upgrading a sequential program to run efficiently on a parallel GP-GPU architecture is not an easy task. Programmers require intimate application knowledge, must learn new programming models and concepts, and avoid introducing hard-to-find bugs," said Mike Beunder, CEO of Vector Fabrics, in a statement. "Our vfEmbedded tool alleviates the developer from these tasks, greatly assisting the process of modifying sequential code to utilize fast and efficient OpenCL kernels that take maximum advantage of PowerVR GPUs."

Tony King-Smith, vice president of marketing at Imagination, said: "We believe vfEmbedded is a great example of a new wave of tools now becoming available to developers to drive the next wave of GPGPU-based algorithm development."


Related links and articles:

Parallel x86 software support for $250

Adapteva gets multi-core programming boost

AMD-authored OpenCL textbook due in August

Imagination raises outlook for graphic cores


Vector Fabrics, Imagination, graphics, OpenCL, GPU, parallel, programming, semiconductor, processor Imagination, Vector Fabrics team on OpenCL

Spreadtrum, Shanghai, China, mobile, baseband, RF, semiconductor Spreadtrum growth spurt continues in Q2


LONDON – Sales at Spreadtrum Communications Inc., a leading Chinese fabless chip company, came in ahead of its own guidance as the company continued to notch up strong revenue growth and increased profits by serving mobile phone handset makers.

Spreadtrum (Shanghai, China) announced second quarter sales of $160.2 million, against guidance of $152 million to $158 million. The figure was up 16.9 percent compared with the previous quarter and more than doubling sales for the same quarter a year before – up 124.2 percent. The company made a net income of $32.5 million in 2Q11, compared to $27.5 million in 1Q11 and $11.1 million in 2Q10.

The company expects revenue in third quarter to increase again and be between $172 million and $178 million; a mid-point increase of about 9 percent.

The company's rising sales and profits are attributed to success in 2G, 2.5G and 3G mobile phones where its ability to increase unit sales is more than counteracting declining average selling prices.

Sales volume of 2G/2.5G baseband and radio frequency bundled semiconductors realized in 2Q11 increased 21.0 percent sequentially and 245.6 percent year-over-year, the company said. Sales volume of 3G bundle semiconductors realized in 2Q11 increased 20.2 percent sequentially and 65.1 percent year-over-year.

The average selling price per unit of 2G/2.5G bundle semiconductors in 2Q11 decreased 7.2 percent sequentially and 20.6 percent year-over-year. The average selling price per unit of 3G bundle semiconductors in 2Q11 increased 7.5 percent sequentially and decreased 30.8 percent year-over-year.

"We exceeded revenue guidance in 2Q 2011 as quarterly revenue grew in both our 2.5G and 3G product lines, driven by expansion of our footprint in both emerging markets and the China domestic TD-SCDMA market," said Leo Li, chairman and CEO of Spreadtrum, in a statement. "In TD-SCDMA, our advanced 40-nm platform is delivering advantages in performance and cost that enable us to outperform the competition with standby and talk time better than the 2.5G experience, at a consumer handset cost that is close to EDGE products."

Spreadtrum said it now has a 50 percent market share in the TD-SCDMA market thanks to design wins with global and domestic OEMs. It is also in the process of acquiring MobilePeak as a point of entry into the HSPA+ market.


Related links and articles:

www.spreadtrum.com

News articles:


Spreadtrum agrees to buy Telegent

Spreadtrum targeted by Muddy Waters report

Spreadtrum buys 3G modem firm, finds CTO


Spreadtrum, Shanghai, China, mobile, baseband, RF, semiconductor Spreadtrum growth spurt continues in Q2

Summit to look at future of SA electronics industry Electronics News

THE TECHNOLOGY Industry Association is holding the Electronics Industry Futuristic Day in South Australia on 24 August 2011.

According to the organisers, the summit will host internationally recognised keynote speakers and heads of industry, to examine what is in store for the South Australian electronics and allied industry.

The electronics and allied industries are important as an enabling sector, claims the TIA. It plays a major role in the development of new products and technologies across all facets of the Australian economy.

Electronics is key to the expansion of established industries like defence and mining in addition to newer industries like medical devices, renewable energy and clean technology. There are also developments in areas such as environmental sensitivity awareness technologies, printable electronics, the square kilometre array and utilisation of satellites to track remote data.

Expansion into these new areas will broaden the scope and competitiveness of the South Australian electronics sector. This is particularly important in the current dynamic environment where manufacturing is becoming increasingly globally orientated.

The summit will facilitate investigation of these opportunities and a stance to take leadership in driving the future direction of this sector.

The TIA completed a Five Year Strategic Plan for the South Australian technology industry in October 2010, and the summit compliments and extends the plan. Five focus areas have been identified in the strategic plan:

1. IP development, protection and commercialisation

2. Skilled workforce development

3. Export development

4. Business sustainability and green initiatives

5. Investment / venture capital availability

During the summit, participants will be provided with time to discuss their take on speakers’ delivery in addition to ideas on the next steps for implementing actions for businesses.

Summit Speakers:

Steve Vamos

Steve will be addressing the topic of innovation. He is the former CEO of  ninemsn, Vice President of Microsoft Australia & Vice President and MD of Apple in the Asia Pacific.

Allan Ryan

Allan will kick off the summit with his views on the electronics industry’s future. He has just returned from Harvard University where he facilitated high powered discussion groups.

Wayne Hoffman

Wayne is the CEO of Entech Electronics, and since joining the company in 1993 as an engineer, he has worked in different divisions in technical, commercial and management roles.

Richard Turner

Richard Turner is a serial entrepreneur and CEO of Zen Home Energy Systems. He has founded four successful companies across four completely different industries.

Donald McGurk

Donald is CEO of the Codan Group of Companies. Under his leadership, Codan developed its own highly efficient and responsive manufacturing capability, and expanded capacity by creating an outsourcing relationship with a manufacturing partner in Malaysia.

Electronics Business Opportunity Speakers:
 
  • Biotech
  • Geoff Cottrell – Product Development Manager for the Flinders Biotech Division
  • Square Kilometre Array
  • Laurie Burgess – Manager HF Surveillance for BAE Systems Australia
  • Sensing From Space for remote data collection
  • Prof Alex Grant – University of South Australia
  • Defence national future directions
  • Greg Ferguson – Editor of Australian Defence magazine
  • Printable electronics
  • Prof David Lewis – Finders University

When:        24th August 2010

Time:        8.15 am – 6.00 pm

Venue:    Adelaide Convention Centre, Riverbank Room, South Australia

Cost:        $95 members $120 non members

Bookings:     Book online at www.tia.asn.au or phone 08 8272 5222

 
Summit to look at future of SA electronics industry Electronics News

Rapid electronics prototyping kit for learning and hobbyists Electronics News

MICROSOFT has released a new rapid prototyping toolkit called .NET Gadgeteer, allowing users to put together small gadgets in hours.

At the moment, there are kits which allow the use of the .NET Gadgeteer modules to be put together to create an MP3 player, digital camera and a mini arcade cabinet.

The core of the kit is a circuit board with an embedded processor and sockets which can be connected to modules. Modules include sensors, switches, displays, motor controllers, cameras, LEDs, buttons and I/O interfaces.

No soldering is required.

.NET Gadgeteer modules are programmed in C# using the .NET Micro Framework, and Microsoft has a site to share the open source code from its various users.

Target users include hobbyists, teachers, researchers and professional prototypers.
Rapid electronics prototyping kit for learning and hobbyists Electronics News

Bendable devices to be a reality with new nanowire electronics fabrication method Electronics News

Wearable and bendable electronics and medical devices could be a possibility soon, with Stanford scientists developing nanowire electronics that can be shaped to fit on any surface, and attach to any material.

The electronic circuitry composed of nanowires can be fitted to a surface of almost any shape, of virtually any material. The breakthrough is in the area of fabrication and transfer of nanowire electronics.

Nanowire electronics circuitry is typically fabricated on a silicon chip. The circuitry adheres to the surface of the chip during fabrication and is extremely difficult to detach.

The new method coats the surface of the silicon wafer with a thin layer of nickel before fabricating the electronic circuitry.

Since both nickel and silicon are both hydrophilic, or "water-loving," when they are exposed to water after fabrication of nanowire devices is finished, the water penetrates between the two materials, detaching the nickel and the overlying electronics from the silicon wafer. According to the researchers, the detachment process can be done at room temperature in water, and only takes a few seconds.

The transfer process is almost 100 percent successful, meaning the devices can be transferred without sustaining any damage.

After detachment, the silicon wafers are clean and ready to reuse, which should reduce manufacturing costs significantly.The electronics is supported and insulated by an ultrathin later of polymer. This layer is extremely flexible, allowing the research team to attach their nanowire electronics to a wide range of shapes and materials including paper, textiles, plastics, glass, aluminum foil, latex gloves.

The flexibility and bendability of the devices is attributed to the short length of the nanowires used to fabricate the circuitry. The nanowires are only a couple thousandths of a millimeter long. Compared to the curvature of the everyday objects, that is really short, so there is very little strain on the nanowires.
Bendable devices to be a reality with new nanowire electronics fabrication method Electronics News

Apple now top smartphone maker, Samsung second Electronics News

IDC’s Worldwide Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker indicates Apple has become the top smartphone maker, with its bitter rival Samsung trailing.

The market for smartphones grew 65.4 percent in the second quarter of 2011, claims IDC. The second quarter of 2011 is the third consecutive quarter where total shipments exceeded 100 million units.

Even though Apple took the lead, it is by no means a runaway leader, and the top 5 vendors are in a fluid position.

Of course, Apple’s leadership position has been based on the immense popularity of its iPhone devices. With an expected refresh later in 2011, volumes are set to reach higher levels.

For 2011, IDC maintains that the worldwide smartphone market will grow 55.0 percent over 2010.

According to IDC, the first half shows strong growth, but the second half will bring new flagship models and refreshed user experiences to market. These will keep smartphones well out in front of the market, and keep growth on an upward trajectory.

Second-place Samsung realized the largest year-over-year growth of any vendor among the top five, with its flagship Galaxy S smartphones being key to its continued success. However, legal action from Apple looks like it could blunt the company.

Samsung’s strategy to steadily release new devices and updates has also allowed it to keep its lead in front of the competition.

Nokia ceded the number one position for the first time in the history of IDC's Mobile Phone Tracker, with smartphone volumes dipping below the 20 million unit mark for the first time since 3Q09.

Even as the company released new smartphones running on Symbian^3, demand for its products running on the aged Symbian platform has shifted to other devices. At the same time, Nokia is currently transitioning to MeeGio and Windows Phone-powered smartphones.

Research In Motion posted the lowest year-over-year growth of all the vendors in the top five, but still shipped enough BlackBerry smartphones to be the number four vendor worldwide.

Fifth-place HTC marked another upward quarter, having launched and announced several new smartphones to the market. These featured the latest technologies like 3D displays and 4G speeds.
Apple now top smartphone maker, Samsung second Electronics News

Apple, Samsung smartphones outdo Nokia in 2Q

Nokia N9

Enlarge

Nokia's MeeGo-based N9 handset

(AP) -- Apple Inc. and Samsung Electronics Co. zoomed to the top of the list of global smartphone makers in the second quarter, blowing past Nokia Corp. and BlackBerry maker Research In Motion Ltd., according to research firm IDC.

Korea's Samsung made the biggest jump, from No. 4 in the first quarter to No. 2 in the second, on the strength of its Galaxy phones, which run Google Inc.'s Android software. It sold 17.3 million smartphones in the second quarter, up from 10.8 million in the first, IDC said.

Apple rose to No. 1, taking the spot from Nokia, by selling 20.3 million iPhones, up from 18.7 million in the first quarter. That relegated Finland's Nokia, the long-time leader, to third place. Apple has yet to top Nokia's high-water mark of 28.1 million phones in a quarter.

"But given Apple's momentum in the smartphone market, it may not be a question of whether Apple will beat that milestone, but when," IDC said.

Remarkably, Apple's sales record comes nearly a year after it released its latest model, the iPhone 4, and it's still selling millions of the even older iPhone 3GS. Competitors such as Samsung put out new models every few months.

Nokia sold 16.7 million smartphones, a sharp drop from 24.2 million in the previous quarter. The company has struggled to come up with an answer to the iPhone. Nokia is now transitioning to smartphone software from Microsoft Corp., but it's first Windows Phones won't be on sale until late this year, at the earliest.

Canada's RIM fell from third to fourth place, as it saw a decline in BlackBerry sales from the first quarter to the second. Like Nokia, it has been struggling to update the high end of its line to compete with touch-screen phones such as the iPhone. It unveiled five new models with updated software this week.

HTC Corp. of Taiwan remained in fifth place, but it's seeing rapidly growing sales. Like Samsung, it has bet on Google's Android software for its phones.

©2011 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


Apple, Samsung smartphones outdo Nokia in 2Q

A conversation with RS Components Electronics News

In 2011, RS Components made $60m in sales from the Australia and New Zealand region. We talked to country manager Jeremy Edward about this.

Online sales for RS Components has been a major growth area, with 50 percent increase this year. 41 percent of new leads for the company comes from its website.

Being a vendor for electronic components, the migration of manufacturing from Australia has had obvious impacts for the company, but Edward expressed optimism about the state of the electronic industry.

“There have been a lot of businesses offshored, particularly in electronics, and a lot of it has gone north to Asia,” Edward told Electronics News. “Having said that, there are still some very good businesses over here producing electronic equipment and continuing to innovate, design and lead the world in a lot of ways.”

“We have maybe gone away from the large-scale manufacturing side of things. But there is definitely strength in the design, the innovation, the specialist, the niche markets which tend to support us very well.”

RS Component started by supplying radio spares to repair shops but has over the last six or seven years boosted its electronics offering, offering tools and parts to electronics customers, design engineers and buyers.

The company has also pushed itself as a provider of DesignSPARK, a free PCB software. Based on the registration data it has received for that software, RS Components believes there is still significant interest and application in electronics in Australia.

“The registrations we have for that software are disproportionate to our population,” Edward said. “That tells me that there’s a healthy network of engineers out there designing, innovating and producing.”

“Will manufacturing come back? I think there is a chance it will come back, but it will be sporadic.”

What is more likely to happen, according to Edward, is a shift in the manufacturing base away from China.

“I think we will still see a lot of fluidity in the market. As more and more people aspire to the BMWs in China, where most of the offshoring has gone to, we will see the manufacturing base circulate around.”

“The manufacturers who are loyal to their market, who do not need to chase the lowest base price, will continue to maintain their market presence,” Edward said. “The large bulk manufacturers will continue to chase the lowest unit price.”

In a world where companies are diversifying their offerings and moving from goods into services (see Amazon, for example) Edward is steering RS Components into the future focused on its strengths.

“I don’t think we will move into manufacturing. I think it would be very difficult to add value to that,” Edward told Electronics News when asked about the potential of becoming a CEM. “As a business, if we can add value to our customers, let’s stick to what we’re good at.”

The current strengths of RS Components is its stock of around 70,000 products in Australia, with the ability to reach 90 percent of the population within the next day, or 100 percent within two days.

The logistics of shipping one parcel every 25 seconds is boosted by RS Component’s local facilities. Its main distribution house is in Smithfield in Sydney’s West, with showrooms in Brisbane, Melbourne, and Auckland.

For the other 450,000 products stocked elsewhere in the world, shipping to Australia takes approximately six days.

According to Edward, the strong Aussie dollar is not helping the company.

“It has increased competition from overseas,” said Edward.

However, he says the service RS Components provides is helping.

“Yes, we’ll always see customers vote with their feet, but  we’re winning a lot more battles than we are losing.”

In April 2010, RS Components started a plan to double its business in five years (by April 2015).

“We are solidly on track, and I am confident we will do it before that. We will continue to evolve and grow into a stronger business,” said Edward.
A conversation with RS Components Electronics News

Northern humans had bigger brains, to cope with the low light levels, study finds

Scientists have found that people living in countries with dull, grey, cloudy skies and long winters have evolved bigger eyes and brains so they can visually process what they see, reports the journal Biology Letters.

The researchers measured the eye socket and brain volumes of 55 skulls, dating from the 1800s, from museum collections. The skulls represented 12 different populations from across the globe. The volume of the eye sockets and brain cavities were then plotted against the latitude of the central point of each individual's country of origin. The researchers found that the size of both the brain and the eyes could be directly linked to the latitude of the country from which the individual came.

Lead author Eiluned Pearce, from the Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology in the School of Anthropology, said: 'As you move away from the equator, there's less and less light available, so humans have had to evolve bigger and bigger eyes. Their brains also need to be bigger to deal with the extra visual input. Having bigger brains doesn't mean that higher latitude humans are smarter, it just means they need bigger brains to be able to see well where they live.'

Co-author Professor Robin Dunbar, Director of the Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary, said: 'Humans have only lived at high latitudes in Europe and Asia for a few tens of thousands of years, yet they seem to have adapted their visual systems surprisingly rapidly to the cloudy skies, dull weather and long winters we experience at these latitudes.'

That the explanation is the need to compensate for low light levels at high latitudes is indicated by the fact that actual visual sharpness measured under natural daylight conditions is constant across latitudes, suggesting that the visual processing system has adapted to ambient light conditions as human populations have moved across the globe.

The study takes into account a number of potentially confounding effects, including the effect of phylogeny (the evolutionary links between different lineages of modern humans), the fact that humans living in the higher latitudes are physically bigger overall, and the possibility that eye socket volume was linked to cold weather (and the need to have more fat around the eyeball by way of insulation).

The skulls used in the study were from the indigenous populations of England, Australia, Canary Islands, China, France, India, Kenya, Micronesia, Scandinavia, Somalia, Uganda and the United States. From measuring the brain cavity, the research suggests that the biggest brains belonged to populations who lived in Scandinavia with the smallest being Micronesians.

This study adds weight to other research that has looked at the links between eye size and light levels. Other studies have already shown that birds with relatively bigger eyes are the first to sing at dawn in low light. The eyeball size across all primates has been found to be associated with when they choose to eat and forage -- with species with the largest eyes being those that are active at night.


Northern humans had bigger brains, to cope with the low light levels, study finds

Females can place limits on evolution of attractive features in males, research shows

Males across the animal world have evolved elaborate traits to attract females, from huge peacock tails to complex bird songs and frog calls. But what keeps them from getting more colorful feathers, longer tails, or more melodious songs? Predators, for one. Increased elaboration can draw predators in, placing an enormous cost to males with these sexy traits.

In a new paper appearing this week in Science, a group of biologists have shown that females themselves can also limit the evolution of increased elaboration.

Studying neotropical túngara frogs, they found that females lose their ability to detect differences in male mating calls as the calls become more elaborate.

"We have shown that the female túngara frog brains have evolved to process some kinds of information and not others," says Mike Ryan, professor of integrative biology at The University of Texas at Austin, "and that this limits the evolution of those signals."

Imagine looking at a group of five oranges next to a group of six. At a glance, you would quickly notice that one group has one more orange than the other. Now, imagine looking at a pile of 100 oranges next to a pile of 101. It would be nearly impossible for you to notice the difference in size (one orange) between those two piles at a glance. This is known as Weber's Law, which states that stimuli are compared based on proportional differences rather than absolute differences (one orange in the case above).

In túngara frogs, males gather en masse to attract female frogs with a call that is made up of a longer "whine" followed by one or more short "chucks."

Through a series of experiments conducted in Panama, Ryan and his collaborators found that females prefer male calls with the most chucks, but their preference was based on the ratio of the number of chucks. As males elaborate their call by adding more chucks, their relative increase in attractiveness decreases due to a perceptual constraint on the part of females.

Male túngara frog calls also attract a predator: the frog eating fringe-lipped bat. To confirm that male song elaboration wasn't limited by these predators, the researchers also studied how the bats respond to additional "chucks" in the male call.

They discovered that hunting bats choose their prey based on chuck number ratio, just as the female frogs do. So, as males elaborate their call by adding chucks, the relative increase in predation risk decreases with each additional chuck.

"What this tells us is that predation risk is unlikely to limit male call evolution," says Karin Akre, lecturer at The University of Texas at Austin. "Instead, it is the females' cognition that limits the evolution of increasing chuck number."


Females can place limits on evolution of attractive features in males, research shows

Light shed on South Pole dinosaurs

That surprising fact falsifies a 13-year-old study and may help explain why dinosaurs were able to dominate the planet for 160 million years, said Holly Woodward, MSU graduate student in the Department of Earth Sciences and co-author of a paper published Aug. 3 in the journal PLoS ONE.

"If we were trying to find evidence of dinosaurs doing something much different physiologically, we would expect it to be found in dinosaurs from an extreme environment such as the South Pole," Woodward said. "But based on bone tissues, dinosaurs living within the Antarctic Circle were physiologically similar to dinosaurs living everywhere else.

"This tells us something very interesting; that basically from the very start, early dinosaurs, or even the ancestors of dinosaurs, evolved a physiology that allowed an entire group of animals to successfully exploit a multitude of environmental conditions for millions of years," Woodward said.

Jack Horner, Woodward's adviser and Regents Professor of Paleontology/Curator of Paleontology at MSU's Museum of the Rockies, said Woodward's findings are consistent with other results from the museum's histology lab.

"I think the most important finding is that polar dinosaurs don't seem to be any different than any other dinosaurs in respect to how their bones grew," Horner said. "Dinosaurs have annual growth lines and those that don't have them are simply not yet a year old."

Woodward said she conducted her research after reading a 1998 study about polar dinosaurs. Intrigued by the study, she decided to review the findings and received a National Science Foundation grant that allowed her to travel to Australia last summer, set up a histology laboratory and analyze bones in a rare collection in Australia's Melbourne Museum.

Woodward analyzed the bone tissue of 17 dinosaurs that lived 112 to 100 million years ago during the latter part of the Early Cretaceous Period. All but one of the dinosaurs in her study were plant eaters. All lived in the Antarctic Circle in what is now known as the Australian state of Victoria.

Also participating in the study were the authors of the original study: Anusuya Chinsamy at the University of Cape Town in South Africa, Tom Rich at the Melbourne Museum and Patricia Vickers-Rich at Monash University in Australia.

The three scientists who conducted the original study welcomed her analysis and didn't mind that she falsified their hypothesis, Woodward said. She added that the new study looked at more dinosaur bones than the original study because more bones from the polar dinosaurs were available. Paleontologists have been adding to the collection over the past 25 to 30 years.

The original study looked at the bone microstructure of the polar dinosaurs and concluded that the differences they saw indicated that some dinosaurs survived harsh polar conditions by hibernating, while others evolved in a way that allowed them to be active year-round, Woodward said.

The new study showed that all but the youngest dinosaurs had "Lines of Arrested Growth" or LAGs, Woodward said. Since the hibernation hypothesis was based on the presence or absence of LAGs, the new study falsified the hypothesis.

LAGSs, in a bone cross section, look like tree rings, Woodward said. Like tree rings, they are formed when growth temporarily stops.

"Research on animals living today suggests that LAGs form annually, regardless of latitude or climate," Woodward said. "Like tree rings, LAGs can be counted to age an animal, so that the absence of these marks likely indicates a dinosaur was less than a year old. These marks have also been found in dinosaurs that lived at much lower latitudes having no need to hibernate."

The new study doesn't mean there was nothing unique about polar dinosaurs, but those qualities aren't apparent in bone tissue, Woodward said.

"It is very likely that dinosaurs living in different environments evolved specific adaptations -- either physical or behavioral -- to cope with environmental conditions," she said. "Analysis of bone microstructure can tell us a great deal about growth, but some things just aren't recorded in bone tissue."


Light shed on South Pole dinosaurs

Why plant 'clones' aren't identical

ScienceDaily (Aug. 4, 2011) — A new study of plants that are reproduced by 'cloning' has shown why cloned plants are not identical.

Scientists have known for some time that 'clonal' (regenerant) organisms are not always identical: their observable characteristics and traits can vary, and this variation can be passed on to the next generation. This is despite the fact that they are derived from genetically identical founder cells.

Now, a team from Oxford University, UK, and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia, believe they have found out why this is the case in plants: the genomes of regenerant plants carry relatively high frequencies of new DNA sequence mutations that were not present in the genome of the donor plant.

The team report their findings in this week's Current Biology.

'Anyone who has ever taken a cutting from a parent plant and then grown a new plant from this tiny piece is actually harnessing the ability such organisms have to regenerate themselves,' said Professor Nicholas Harberd of Oxford University's Department of Plant Sciences, lead author of the paper. 'But sometimes regenerated plants are not identical, even if they come from the same parent. Our work reveals a cause of that visible variation.'

Using DNA sequencing techniques that can decode the complete genome of an organism in one go (so-called 'whole genome sequencing') the researchers analysed 'clones' of the small flowering plant 'thalecress' (Arabidopsis). They found that observable variations in regenerant plants are substantially due to high frequencies of mutations in the DNA sequence of these regenerants, mutations which are not contained in the genome of the parent plant.

'Where these new mutations actually come from is still a mystery,' said Professor Harberd. 'They may arise during the regeneration process itself or during the cell divisions in the donor plant that gave rise to the root cells from which the regenerant plants are created. We are planning further research to find out which of these two processes is responsible for these mutations. What we can say is that Nature has safely been employing what you might call a 'cloning' process in plants for millions of years, and that there must be good evolutionary reasons why these mutations are introduced.'

The new results suggest that variation in clones of plants may have different underlying causes from that of variation in clones of animals -- where it is believed that the effect of environmental factors on how animal genes are expressed is more important and no similar high frequencies of mutations have been observed.

Professor Harberd said: 'Whilst our results highlight that cloned plants and animals are very different they may give us insights into how both bacterial and cancer cells replicate themselves, and how mutations arise during these processes which, ultimately, have an impact on human health.'


Why plant 'clones' aren't identical

Northern humans had bigger brains, to cope with the low light levels

Scientists have found that people living in countries with dull, grey, cloudy skies and long winters have evolved bigger eyes and brains so they can visually process what they see, reports the journal Biology Letters.

The researchers measured the eye socket and brain volumes of 55 skulls, dating from the 1800s, from museum collections. The skulls represented 12 different populations from across the globe. The volume of the eye sockets and brain cavities were then plotted against the latitude of the central point of each individual's country of origin. The researchers found that the size of both the brain and the eyes could be directly linked to the latitude of the country from which the individual came.

Lead author Eiluned Pearce, from the Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology in the School of Anthropology, said: 'As you move away from the equator, there's less and less light available, so humans have had to evolve bigger and bigger eyes. Their brains also need to be bigger to deal with the extra visual input. Having bigger brains doesn't mean that higher latitude humans are smarter, it just means they need bigger brains to be able to see well where they live.'

Co-author Professor Robin Dunbar, Director of the Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary, said: 'Humans have only lived at high latitudes in Europe and Asia for a few tens of thousands of years, yet they seem to have adapted their visual systems surprisingly rapidly to the cloudy skies, dull weather and long winters we experience at these latitudes.'

That the explanation is the need to compensate for low light levels at high latitudes is indicated by the fact that actual visual sharpness measured under natural daylight conditions is constant across latitudes, suggesting that the visual processing system has adapted to ambient light conditions as human populations have moved across the globe.

The study takes into account a number of potentially confounding effects, including the effect of phylogeny (the evolutionary links between different lineages of modern humans), the fact that humans living in the higher latitudes are physically bigger overall, and the possibility that eye socket volume was linked to cold weather (and the need to have more fat around the eyeball by way of insulation).

The skulls used in the study were from the indigenous populations of England, Australia, Canary Islands, China, France, India, Kenya, Micronesia, Scandinavia, Somalia, Uganda and the United States. From measuring the brain cavity, the research suggests that the biggest brains belonged to populations who lived in Scandinavia with the smallest being Micronesians.

This study adds weight to other research that has looked at the links between eye size and light levels. Other studies have already shown that birds with relatively bigger eyes are the first to sing at dawn in low light. The eyeball size across all primates has been found to be associated with when they choose to eat and forage -- with species with the largest eyes being those that are active at night.


Northern humans had bigger brains, to cope with the low light levels

Taller women are at increased risk of a wide range of cancers

The study found that in women the risk of cancer rises by about 16% for every 10cm (4 inches) increase in height. Previous studies have shown a link between height and cancer risk, but this research extends the findings to more cancers and for women with differing lifestyles and economic backgrounds.

A report of the research is published Online First in The Lancet Oncology.

'We showed that the link between greater height and increased total cancer risk is similar across many different populations from Asia, Australasia, Europe, and North America,' said Dr Jane Green, lead author of the study, who is based at the Cancer Epidemiology Unit at Oxford University.

'The link between height and cancer risk seems to be common to many different types of cancer and in different people; suggesting that there may be a basic common mechanism, perhaps acting early in peoples' lives, when they are growing.'

To investigate the impact of height on overall and site-specific cancer risk, Dr Green and colleagues assessed the association between height, other factors relevant for cancer, and cancer incidence, in the Cancer Research UK-funded Million Women Study, which included 1.3 million middle-aged women in the UK enrolled between 1996 and 2001. During an average follow-up time of about 10 years, 97,000 cases of cancer were identified.

The risk of total cancer increased with increasing height, as did the risk of many different types of cancer, including cancers of the breast, ovary, womb, bowel, leukemia and malignant melanoma. The authors also conducted a meta-analysis combining their results with those from ten previous studies.

Although it is still not clear how height increases cancer risk, it has been suggested that environmental influences including diet and infections in childhood, as well as growth hormone levels, might be involved. The results suggest that increases in the height of populations over the course of the 20th century might explain some of the changes in cancer incidence over time.

Dr Green said: 'Of course people cannot change their height. Being taller has been linked to a lower risk of other conditions, such as heart disease. The importance of our findings is that they may help us to understand how cancers develop.'


Taller women are at increased risk of a wide range of cancers

Puffins 'scout out' best migration route

The evidence comes from research by a team from Oxford University and Microsoft Research Cambridge which used BAS geolocater tags to track the migration movements of 18 birds: with 8 of these birds being tracked for two consecutive years.

A report of the research appears in this week's PLoS ONE.

The study found that the birds followed a wide range of different migration routes (suggesting their movements were not genetically predetermined) but that they were not merely random as the same bird followed a similar route each year. Because young puffins leave colonies at night, alone, long before their parents, the idea that they might learn a route directly from others also seems extremely unlikely.

'We think it's likely that, before they start breeding, young puffins explore the resources the ocean has to offer and come up with their own individual, often radically different, migration routes,' said Professor Tim Guilford of Oxford University's Department of Zoology, who co-led the study. 'This tendency to explore may enable them to develop a route which exploits all the best food sources in a particular area wherever these might happen to be.'

The team believe this kind of 'scouting' for good migration routes could also be used by many other species of birds, especially seabirds -- which can choose to stop and feed anywhere on the ocean during their migration.


Puffins 'scout out' best migration route

Large variations in Arctic sea ice: Polar ice much less stable than previously thought, study finds

Sea ice comes and goes without leaving a record. For this reason, our knowledge about its variations and extent was limited before we had satellite surveillance or observations from airplanes and ships. But now researchers at the Danish National Research Foundation for Geogenetics at the Natural History Museum of Denmark (University of Copenhagen) have developed a method by which it is possible to measure the variations in the ice several millennia back in time.

The results are based on material gathered along the coast of northern Greenland, which scientists expect will be the final place summer ice will survive, if global temperatures continue to rise.

This means that the results from northern Greenland also indicate what the conditions are like in the ocean.

Less ice than today

Team leader Svend Funder, and two other team members and co-authors of the Science article, Eske Willerslev and Kurt Kjær, are all associated with the Danish Research Foundation at the University of Copenhagen.

Regarding the research results, Funder says, "Our studies show that there have been large fluctuations in the amount of summer sea ice during the last 10,000 years. During the so-called Holocene Climate Optimum, from approximately 8000 to 5000 years ago, when the temperatures were somewhat warmer than today, there was significantly less sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, probably less than 50% of the summer 2007 coverage, which was absolutely lowest on record. Our studies also show that when the ice disappears in one area, it may accumulate in another. We have discovered this by comparing our results with observations from northern Canada. While the amount of sea ice decreased in northern Greenland, it increased in Canada. This is probably due to changes in the prevailing wind systems. This factor has not been sufficiently taken into account when forecasting the imminent disappearance of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean."

Driftwood unlocks mystery

In order to reach their surprising conclusions, Funder and the rest of the team organised several expeditions to Peary Land in northern Greenland. Named after American Polar explorer Robert E. Peary, the region is an inhospitable and rarely visited area, where summer blizzards are not uncommon.

" Our key to the mystery of the extent of sea ice during earlier epochs lies in the driftwood we found along the coast. One might think that it had floated across sea, but such a journey takes several years, and driftwood would not be able to stay afloat for that long. The driftwood is from the outset embedded in sea ice, and reaches the north Greenland coast along with it. The amount of driftwood therefore indicates how much multiyear sea ice there was in the ocean back then. And this is precisely the type of ice that is in danger of disappearing today," Funder says.

After the expeditions had been completed, the team needed to study the wood they had collected: wood types had to be determined and it had to be carbon-14 dated. The driftwood originated near the great rivers of present-day North America and Siberia. The wood types were almost entirely spruce, which is widespread in the Boreal forest of North America, and larch, which is dominates the Siberian taiga. The different wood types therefore are evidence of changing travel routes and altered current and wind conditions in the ocean.

Beach ridges and wave breaking

The team also examined the beach ridges along the coast. Today, perennial ice prevents any sort of beach from forming along the coasts of northern Greenland. But this had not always been the case. Behind the present shore long rows of beach ridges show that at one time waves could break onto the beach unhindered by sea ice. The beach ridges were mapped for 500 kilometres along the coast, and carbon-14 dating has shown that during the warm period from about 8000 until 4000 years ago, there was more open water and less coastal ice than today.

Point of no return

"Our studies show that there are great natural variations in the amount of Arctic sea ice. The bad news is that there is a clear connection between temperature and the amount of sea ice. And there is no doubt that continued global warming will lead to a reduction in the amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. The good news is that even with a reduction to less than 50% of the current amount of sea ice the ice will not reach a point of no return: a level where the ice no longer can regenerate itself even if the climate was to return to cooler temperatures. Finally, our studies show that the changes to a large degree are caused by the effect that temperature has on the prevailing wind systems. This has not been sufficiently taken into account when forecasting the imminent disappearance of the ice, as often portrayed in the media," Funder says.

Research could also benefit polar bears

In addition to giving us a better understanding of what the climate in northern Greenland was like thousands of years ago, it could also reveal how polar bears fared in warmer climate. The team plans to use DNA in fossil polar bear bones to study polar bear population levels during the Holocene Climate Optimum.

The team's findings are to be published in the journal Science.


Large variations in Arctic sea ice: Polar ice much less stable than previously thought, study finds

Solar and SDR platform allow 3G Everest deployment Electronics News

ZTE has deployed eight 3G stations at the Mount Everest National Park, including the Mount Everest base camp located 5180m above sea level.

ZTE says it provided a tailor-made solution to ensure the stations would be able to withstand the high altitude and harsh natural environment of the Himalayas.

The micro base-station is based on the SDR platform, which ZTE says has a low power-consumption, small footprint, and is easy to install.

A one-piece ground tower and heat-insulating Diet shelter are used in the stations, which allow them to be installed quickly without the need for earthwork and foundation construction.

The station has solar panels incorporated in the design. This allows the station to operate at optimal levels even with outdoor temperatures as low as minus 30 to 40°C with minimal power usage.
 
Solar and SDR platform allow 3G Everest deployment Electronics News

STEC, SSD, Accelerator, Software SSD firm rolls accelerators, caching tool

SAN FRANCISCO—Solid state drive (SSD) vendor STEC Inc. Thursday (Aug. 4) launched a new family of high-endurance, enterprise-class solid-state acceletors (SSAs) and launched the company's first software product—a caching software to accelerate access to data on SSDs.

STEC (Santa Ana, Calif.) said the Kronos SSA family integrates PCI Express and flash technologies onto a compact, power-efficient, on-board ASIC-based card. The Kronos accelerators avoid taxing the host system’s memory and CPU cycles to perform flash management tasks, freeing them for more critical functions, such as application acceleration, according to the company.

"Everything gets run and executed from the card itself," said Scott Stetzer, vice president of technical marketing at STEC. "We aren't taxing the CPU. We aren't taxing the host."

The Kronos PCIe SSA family provides super low-latency and accelerated responses to host requests via its PCIe implementation, according to STEC. The SSAs enable IT consolidation (server virtualization) and server consolidation in virtualized environments, while still providing accelerated access to data and supporting the high transaction rates required by e-commerce and financial applications, according to the firm.

The Kronos PCIe accelerator family consists of three models:  Kronos PCIe SSA; Kronos Turbo PCIe SSA; and Kronos Bi-Turbo PCIe SSA. The family supports a range of SLC and MLC user capacities from 300 gigabytes to 1.95 terabytes and all models achieve a read access time of 50 microseconds and a write access time of 30 microseconds, STEC said.

STEC's EnhanceIO SSD caching software accelerates data access and enables cost-effective server scalability to support the growing number of users and larger data volumes now prevalent in the data center, according to the firm. This host-based software implements SSDs as a performance cache for hard disk drive storage and provides a reliable, easy and flexible way to integrate into existing server infrastructures while minimizing total cost of ownership, according to the company.

EnhanceIO works with all commercially available SSD devices—including SAS, SATA, Fibre Channel and PCIe devices—to accelerate enterprise applications running under Windows, Linux or VMware operating systems, STEC said.

"There is a lot of flexibility in the software package.," Stetzer said.  

EnhanceIO SSD cache software is designed to integrate the SSD device below the server’s application layer so that the host CPU and memory resources are not significantly impacted and the full I/O capabilities of the SSD device itself can be realized in a manner that is easy to implement and is transparent to the server OS, applications and underlying storage, according to STEC. The company maintains that this system infrastructure enables the best of both worlds—the full performance benefits of SSD technology coupled with the storage capacity benefits of HDDs.

In a benchmark test of Oracle servers, EnhanceIO SSD cache software enabled 2.5 times faster throughput while serving 3.5 times more concurrent users, according to STEC. Through additional testing in a 10-terabyte direct attached storage environment, EnhanceIO software provided between twice and 10 times the performance—depending on the application—when compared to an all-HDD solution, STEC said.

EnhanceIO is now sampling to early access customers, STEC said.

STEC, SSD, Accelerator, Software SSD firm rolls accelerators, caching tool

MEMC, Silicon, Wafer, Semiconductor Wafer supplier MEMC cuts 2011 sales target

SAN FRANCISCO—Silicon wafer supplier MEMC Electronic Materials Inc. Wednesday (Aug. 3) reported second quarter sales and profit that handily beat analysts' expectations, but lowered its sales target for the year due to a downturn in solar and softening of demand in the semiconductor industry.   

MEMC (St. Peters, Mo.) said it now expects pro forma sales to be between $3.3 billion and $3.6 billion, down from a previous range of $3.4 billion to $3.7 billion. MEMC said it expects sales for the year in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) to be between $2.7 billion and $3 billion, down from an earlier guided range of $2.8 billion to $3.1 billion.

Mark Murphy, MEMC's chief financial officer, said in a conference call with analysts following the second quarter report that the company adjusted its sales target "due to the volatile market conditions during the second quarter and the impact the environment had on our various segments."

Ahmad Chatila, MEMC's president and CEO, said MEMC is seeing "wobbly demand" in from the semiconductor industry. Demand from semiconductor makers softened in June, Chatila said, but the company expects the business to substantially improve in the second half of the year compared to the first half.

MEMC reported second quarter revenue of $745.6 million, up 1 percent from the first quarter and up 66 percent from the second quarter of 2010. Second quarter revenue included a $149.4 payment from Suntech Power Holdings Co. Ltd. related to the termination of a long-term supplier agreement announced last month, MEMC said. Sales increased 33 percent year-to-year, excluding the Suntech payment, MEMC said.

MEMC reported a net income in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) of $47.3 million, or 21 cents per share, up from a GAAP net loss of $4.5 million in the previous quarter and a GAAP net income of $13.8 million in the year-ago quarter.  

On a non-GAAP basis, excluding charges, MEMC reported a net income of $66.2 million, or 29 cents per share. The company had a non-GAAP net income of 9 cents per share in the first quarter and 7 cents per share in the second quarter of 2010.

MEMC reported sales to the semiconductor industry of $275.3 million in the second quarter, up 9 percent from the first quarter and up 10 percent compared to the second quarter of 2010. The sequential increase was driven by higher volume due to seasonal effects and volume recovery from the March 11 earthquake off the coast of Japan, MEMC said.

MEMC, Silicon, Wafer, Semiconductor Wafer supplier MEMC cuts 2011 sales target

Large variations in Arctic sea ice: Polar ice much less stable than previously thought

ScienceDaily (Aug. 4, 2011) — For the last 10,000 years, summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean has been far from constant. For several thousand years, there was much less sea ice in The Arctic Ocean -- probably less than half of current amounts. This is indicated by new findings by the Danish National Research Foundation for Geogenetics at the University of Copenhagen. The results of the study will be published in the journal Science.

Sea ice comes and goes without leaving a record. For this reason, our knowledge about its variations and extent was limited before we had satellite surveillance or observations from airplanes and ships. But now researchers at the Danish National Research Foundation for Geogenetics at the Natural History Museum of Denmark (University of Copenhagen) have developed a method by which it is possible to measure the variations in the ice several millennia back in time.

The results are based on material gathered along the coast of northern Greenland, which scientists expect will be the final place summer ice will survive, if global temperatures continue to rise.

This means that the results from northern Greenland also indicate what the conditions are like in the ocean.

Less ice than today

Team leader Svend Funder, and two other team members and co-authors of the Science article, Eske Willerslev and Kurt Kjær, are all associated with the Danish Research Foundation at the University of Copenhagen.

Regarding the research results, Funder says, "Our studies show that there have been large fluctuations in the amount of summer sea ice during the last 10,000 years. During the so-called Holocene Climate Optimum, from approximately 8000 to 5000 years ago, when the temperatures were somewhat warmer than today, there was significantly less sea ice in the Arctic Ocean, probably less than 50% of the summer 2007 coverage, which was absolutely lowest on record. Our studies also show that when the ice disappears in one area, it may accumulate in another. We have discovered this by comparing our results with observations from northern Canada. While the amount of sea ice decreased in northern Greenland, it increased in Canada. This is probably due to changes in the prevailing wind systems. This factor has not been sufficiently taken into account when forecasting the imminent disappearance of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean."

Driftwood unlocks mystery

In order to reach their surprising conclusions, Funder and the rest of the team organised several expeditions to Peary Land in northern Greenland. Named after American Polar explorer Robert E. Peary, the region is an inhospitable and rarely visited area, where summer blizzards are not uncommon.

" Our key to the mystery of the extent of sea ice during earlier epochs lies in the driftwood we found along the coast. One might think that it had floated across sea, but such a journey takes several years, and driftwood would not be able to stay afloat for that long. The driftwood is from the outset embedded in sea ice, and reaches the north Greenland coast along with it. The amount of driftwood therefore indicates how much multiyear sea ice there was in the ocean back then. And this is precisely the type of ice that is in danger of disappearing today," Funder says.

After the expeditions had been completed, the team needed to study the wood they had collected: wood types had to be determined and it had to be carbon-14 dated. The driftwood originated near the great rivers of present-day North America and Siberia. The wood types were almost entirely spruce, which is widespread in the Boreal forest of North America, and larch, which is dominates the Siberian taiga. The different wood types therefore are evidence of changing travel routes and altered current and wind conditions in the ocean.

Beach ridges and wave breaking

The team also examined the beach ridges along the coast. Today, perennial ice prevents any sort of beach from forming along the coasts of northern Greenland. But this had not always been the case. Behind the present shore long rows of beach ridges show that at one time waves could break onto the beach unhindered by sea ice. The beach ridges were mapped for 500 kilometres along the coast, and carbon-14 dating has shown that during the warm period from about 8000 until 4000 years ago, there was more open water and less coastal ice than today.

Point of no return

"Our studies show that there are great natural variations in the amount of Arctic sea ice. The bad news is that there is a clear connection between temperature and the amount of sea ice. And there is no doubt that continued global warming will lead to a reduction in the amount of summer sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. The good news is that even with a reduction to less than 50% of the current amount of sea ice the ice will not reach a point of no return: a level where the ice no longer can regenerate itself even if the climate was to return to cooler temperatures. Finally, our studies show that the changes to a large degree are caused by the effect that temperature has on the prevailing wind systems. This has not been sufficiently taken into account when forecasting the imminent disappearance of the ice, as often portrayed in the media," Funder says.

Research could also benefit polar bears

In addition to giving us a better understanding of what the climate in northern Greenland was like thousands of years ago, it could also reveal how polar bears fared in warmer climate. The team plans to use DNA in fossil polar bear bones to study polar bear population levels during the Holocene Climate Optimum.

The team's findings are to be published in the journal Science.


Large variations in Arctic sea ice: Polar ice much less stable than previously thought

Water flowing on Mars, NASA spacecraft data suggest

"NASA's Mars Exploration Program keeps bringing us closer to determining whether the Red Planet could harbor life in some form," NASA Administrator Charles Bolden said, "and it reaffirms Mars as an important future destination for human exploration."

Dark, finger-like features appear and extend down some Martian slopes during late spring through summer, fade in winter, and return during the next spring. Repeated observations have tracked the seasonal changes in these recurring features on several steep slopes in the middle latitudes of Mars' southern hemisphere.

"The best explanation for these observations so far is the flow of briny water," said Alfred McEwen of the University of Arizona, Tucson. McEwen is the principal investigator for the orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) and lead author of a report about the recurring flows published in the journal Science.

Some aspects of the observations still puzzle researchers, but flows of liquid brine fit the features' characteristics better than alternate hypotheses. Saltiness lowers the freezing temperature of water. Sites with active flows get warm enough, even in the shallow subsurface, to sustain liquid water that is about as salty as Earth's oceans, while pure water would freeze at the observed temperatures.

"These dark lineations are different from other types of features on Martian slopes," said Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Project Scientist Richard Zurek of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. "Repeated observations show they extend ever farther downhill with time during the warm season."

The features imaged are only about 0.5 to 5 yards or meters wide, with lengths up to hundreds of yards. The width is much narrower than previously reported gullies on Martian slopes. However, some of those locations display more than 1,000 individual flows. Also, while gullies are abundant on cold, pole-facing slopes, these dark flows are on warmer, equator-facing slopes.

The images show flows lengthen and darken on rocky equator-facing slopes from late spring to early fall. The seasonality, latitude distribution and brightness changes suggest a volatile material is involved, but there is no direct detection of one. The settings are too warm for carbon-dioxide frost and, at some sites, too cold for pure water. This suggests the action of brines, which have lower freezing points. Salt deposits over much of Mars indicate brines were abundant in Mars' past. These recent observations suggest brines still may form near the surface today in limited times and places.

When researchers checked flow-marked slopes with the orbiter's Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM), no sign of water appeared. The features may quickly dry on the surface or could be shallow subsurface flows.

"The flows are not dark because of being wet," McEwen said. "They are dark for some other reason."

A flow initiated by briny water could rearrange grains or change surface roughness in a way that darkens the appearance. How the features brighten again when temperatures drop is harder to explain.

"It's a mystery now, but I think it's a solvable mystery with further observations and laboratory experiments," McEwen said.

These results are the closest scientists have come to finding evidence of liquid water on the planet's surface today. Frozen water, however has been detected near the surface in many middle to high-latitude regions. Fresh-looking gullies suggest slope movements in geologically recent times, perhaps aided by water. Purported droplets of brine also appeared on struts of the Phoenix Mars Lander. If further study of the recurring dark flows supports evidence of brines, these could be the first known Martian locations with liquid water.

The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter is managed by JPL for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory operates HiRISE. The camera was built by Ball Aerospace & Technologies Corp. in Boulder, Colo. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Md., provided and operates CRISM. JPL is a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.

For more information about the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/mro and http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/ .


Water flowing on Mars, NASA spacecraft data suggest

Designing diamond circuits for extreme environments

A team of electrical engineers at Vanderbilt University has developed all the basic components needed to create microelectronic devices out of thin films of nanodiamond. They have created diamond versions of transistors and, most recently, logical gates, which are a key element in computers.

"Diamond-based devices have the potential to operate at higher speeds and require less power than silicon-based devices," Research Professor of Electrical Engineering Jimmy Davidson said. "Diamond is the most inert material known, so our devices are largely immune to radiation damage and can operate at much higher temperatures than those made from silicon."

Their design of a logical gate is described in the Aug. 4 issue of the journal Electronics Letters. Co-authors of the paper are graduate student Nikkon Ghosh, Professor of Electrical Engineering Weng Poo Kang.

Not an engagement ring

Davidson was quick to point out that even though their design uses diamond film, it is not exorbitantly expensive. The devices are so small that about one billion of them can be fabricated from one carat of diamond. The films are made from hydrogen and methane using a method called chemical vapor deposition that is widely used in the microelectronics industry for other purposes. This deposited form of diamond is less than one-thousandth the cost of "jewelry" diamond, which has made it inexpensive enough so that companies are putting diamond coatings on tools, cookware and other industrial products. As a result, the cost of producing nanodiamond devices should be competitive with silicon.

Potential applications include military electronics, circuitry that operates in space, ultra-high speed switches, ultra-low power applications and sensors that operate in high radiation environments, at extremely high temperatures up to 900 degrees Fahrenheit and extremely low temperatures down to minus 300 degrees Fahrenheit.

Hybrid of old and new

The nanodiamond circuits are a hybrid of old fashioned vacuum tubes and modern solid-state microelectronics and combine some of the best qualities of both technologies. Nanodiamond devices consist of a thin film of nanodiamond that is laid down on a layer of silicon dioxide. Much as they do in vacuum tubes, the electrons move through vacuum between the nanodiamond components, instead of flowing through solid material the way they do in normal microelectronic devices. As a result, they require vacuum packaging to operate.

"The reason your laptop gets hot is because the electrons pumping through its transistors bump into the atoms in the semiconductor and heat them up," Davidson said. "Because our devices use electron transport in vacuum they don't produce nearly as much heat."

This transmission efficiency is also one reason why the new devices can run on very small amounts of electrical current. Another is that diamond is the best electron emitter in the world so it doesn't take much energy to produce strong electron beams. "We think we can make devices that use one tenth the power of the most efficient silicon devices," said Davidson.

The design is also largely immune to radiation damage. Radiation disrupts the operation of transistors by inducing unwanted charge in the silicon, causing an effect like tripping the circuit breaker in your home. In the nanodiamond device, on the other hand, the electrons flow through vacuum so there is nothing for energetic particles to disrupt. If the particles strike the nanodiamond anode or cathode, the impact is limited to a small fluctuation in the electron flow, not complete disruption, as is the case with silicon devices.

"When I read about the problems at the Fukushima power plant after the Japanese tsunami, I realized that nanodiamond circuits would be perfect for failsafe circuitry in nuclear reactors," Davidson said. "It wouldn't be affected by high radiation levels or the high temperatures created by the explosions."

Nanodiamond devices can be manufactured by processes that the semiconductor industry currently uses. The one exception is the requirement to operate in vacuum, which would require some modification in the packaging process. Currently, semiconductor chips are sealed in packages filled with an inert gas like argon or simply encapsulated in plastic, protecting them from chemical degradation. Davidson and his colleagues have investigated the packaging process and have found that the metallic seals used in military-grade circuitry are strong enough to hold an adequate vacuum for centuries.

The research was supported by grants from the U.S. Army.


Designing diamond circuits for extreme environments

Microchip Technology, Sales, Chip, Microcontroller Microchip Tech sees softer demand

SAN FRANCISCO—Chip vendor Microchip Technology Inc. Thursday (Aug. 4) reported sales and profit for the quarter ended June 30 that narrowly exceeded analysts' expectations as the company's CEO warned of softness in demand related to a weak global economic conditions.

Microchip (Chandler, Ariz.) reported sales for the quarter of $374.5 million, down 1 percent compared with the previous quarter and up 5 percent compared with the year-ago quarter. The company report a net income in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) of $99.3 million, or 49 cents per share, down 24 percent compared with the previous quarter but up 8 percent compared with the year-ago quarter.

On a non-GAAP basis, excluding charges, Microchip reported a net income from continuing operations of $111.4 million, or 55 cents per diluted share, down 6 percent from the previous quarter and up 1 percent compared with the year-ago quarter.

Consensus analysts' expectations called for Microchip to report sales of $374.4 million and non-GAAP earnings per share of 54 cents, according to Yahoo Finance.  

"We saw broad-based softness in our business due to weak global economic conditions," said Steve Sanghi, Microchip president and CEO, in a statement. "This manifested itself into demand and bookings weakness across multiple market segments and multiple customers in each segment."

Sanghi noted that the weakness Microchip saw has now been reflected in the sales targets provided by several semiconductor industry firms. A number of companies, including most recently ON Semiconductor Corp. and Atmel Corp., have offered guidance for the third quarter that fell below analysts' expectations.

Microchip said it expects sales for the current quarter to decline to between $352 million and $370.8 million. Analysts had expected Microchip to guide for revenue of about $361 million for the current quarter, according to Yahoo Finance.

"While we are obviously disappointed with our June quarter results, we believe we are well-positioned to grow market share over the long term in our microcontroller, analog and licensing product lines," Sanghi said. "However, in the September 2011 quarter we expect to continue to experience the lingering effects of weak global economic conditions."

Ganesh Moorthy, Microchip's chief operating officer said the company's microcontroller business was down 2 percent in the recently concluded quarter, but that 32-bit microcontroller sales improved by 19 percent sequentially.

"Design win momentum in all of our product lines continues to be strong and we expect these wins to contribute to revenue growth as the economic headwinds we are experiencing subside," Moorthy said.

Eric Bjornholt, Microchip’s chief financial officer said the inventory on the company's balance sheet grew to 119 days in the June quarter and that inventory levels at Microchip's distributors grew by three days sequentially to end the quarter at 43 days. Inventory is expected to climb to 130 days in September, Microchip said.

"We are comfortable with these inventory levels given the long life cycle for our products, and we continue to view our short lead times as a competitive advantage," Bjornholt said.

Microchip Technology, Sales, Chip, Microcontroller Microchip Tech sees softer demand

Engineers solve longstanding problem in photonic chip technology: Findings help pave way for next generation of computer chips

Now, researchers led by engineers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) are paving the way for the next generation of computer-chip technology: photonic chips. With integrated circuits that use light instead of electricity, photonic chips will allow for faster computers and less data loss when connected to the global fiber-optic network.

"We want to take everything on an electronic chip and reproduce it on a photonic chip," says Liang Feng, a postdoctoral scholar in electrical engineering and the lead author on a paper to be published in the August 5 issue of the journal Science. Feng is part of Caltech's nanofabrication group, led by Axel Scherer, Bernard A. Neches Professor of Electrical Engineering, Applied Physics, and Physics, and co-director of the Kavli Nanoscience Institute at Caltech.

In that paper, the researchers describe a new technique to isolate light signals on a silicon chip, solving a longstanding problem in engineering photonic chips.

An isolated light signal can only travel in one direction. If light weren't isolated, signals sent and received between different components on a photonic circuit could interfere with one another, causing the chip to become unstable. In an electrical circuit, a device called a diode isolates electrical signals by allowing current to travel in one direction but not the other. The goal, then, is to create the photonic analog of a diode, a device called an optical isolator. "This is something scientists have been pursuing for 20 years," Feng says.

Normally, a light beam has exactly the same properties when it moves forward as when it's reflected backward. "If you can see me, then I can see you," he says. In order to isolate light, its properties need to somehow change when going in the opposite direction. An optical isolator can then block light that has these changed properties, which allows light signals to travel only in one direction between devices on a chip.

"We want to build something where you can see me, but I can't see you," Feng explains. "That means there's no signal from your side to me. The device on my side is isolated; it won't be affected by my surroundings, so the functionality of my device will be stable."

To isolate light, Feng and his colleagues designed a new type of optical waveguide, a 0.8-micron-wide silicon device that channels light. The waveguide allows light to go in one direction but changes the mode of the light when it travels in the opposite direction.

A light wave's mode corresponds to the pattern of the electromagnetic field lines that make up the wave. In the researchers' new waveguide, the light travels in a symmetric mode in one direction, but changes to an asymmetric mode in the other. Because different light modes can't interact with one another, the two beams of light thus pass through each other.

Previously, there were two main ways to achieve this kind of optical isolation. The first way -- developed almost a century ago -- is to use a magnetic field. The magnetic field changes the polarization of light -- the orientation of the light's electric-field lines -- when it travels in the opposite direction, so that the light going one way can't interfere with the light going the other way. "The problem is, you can't put a large magnetic field next to a computer," Feng says. "It's not healthy."

The second conventional method requires so-called nonlinear optical materials, which change light's frequency rather than its polarization. This technique was developed about 50 years ago, but is problematic because silicon, the material that's the basis for the integrated circuit, is a linear material. If computers were to use optical isolators made out of nonlinear materials, silicon would have to be replaced, which would require revamping all of computer technology. But with their new silicon waveguides, the researchers have become the first to isolate light with a linear material.

Although this work is just a proof-of-principle experiment, the researchers are already building an optical isolator that can be integrated onto a silicon chip. An optical isolator is essential for building the integrated, nanoscale photonic devices and components that will enable future integrated information systems on a chip. Current, state-of-the-art photonic chips operate at 10 gigabits per second (Gbps) -- hundreds of times the data-transfer rates of today's personal computers -- with the next generation expected to soon hit 40 Gbps. But without built-in optical isolators, those chips are much simpler than their electronic counterparts and are not yet ready for the market. Optical isolators like those based on the researchers' designs will therefore be crucial for commercially viable photonic chips.

In addition to Feng and Scherer, the other authors on the Science paper, "Non-reciprocal light propagation in a silicon photonic circuit," are Jingqing Huang, a Caltech graduate student; Maurice Ayache of UC San Diego and Yeshaiahu Fainman, Cymer Professor in Advanced Optical Technologies at UC San Diego; and Ye-Long Xu, Ming-Hui Lu, and Yan-Feng Chen of the Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures in China. This research was done as part of the Center for Integrated Access Networks (CIAN), one of the National Science Foundation's Engineering Research Centers. Fainman is also the deputy director of CIAN. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.


Engineers solve longstanding problem in photonic chip technology: Findings help pave way for next generation of computer chips

IC Insights, Semiconductor, IC, Growth, 2011, Intel IC Insights lowers chip growth forecast

SAN FRANCISCO—Market research firm IC Insights Inc. lowered its forecast for semiconductor industry growth in 2011, citing a weak global economy.

IC Insights (Scottsdale, Ariz.) said it now projects that global semiconductor revenue will increase 5 percent this year, down from an earlier forecast calling for 10 percent growth. The firm also lowered its projection for 2011 integrated circuit (IC) growth to 4 percent from 10 percent.

In a mid-year update to the firm's McClean Report, IC Insights maintains that a series of economic setbacks—including the March 11 earthquake in Japan, the Arab Spring political uprising in the Middle East, a surge in natural disasters in the U.S. and government debt concerns in the U.S. and Europe—caused quarterly worldwide economic growth to slow significantly in the first half of 2011 as compared to 2010 and in turn served to slow worldwide electronics and semiconductor industry market growth.

"While any of these negative events by themselves may not have had a serious impact, combined, they served to noticeably slow the worldwide economy in the first half of this year," said Bill McClean, president of IC Insights, in a research bulletin.

Worldwide GDP figures have been on fairly steep decline since reaching 4.6 percent in 2010, IC Insights said. The second quarter GDP estimate of 3.1 percent is 33 percent lower than it was in the second quarter of 2010 and less than 1 percent over the 2.5 percent global recession mark, IC Insights said.

IC Insights said it expects worldwide GDP growth to be better in the second half of the year than it was in the second half due to post-earthquake investment by Japan and a stronger economy in the U.S.

Also in the mid-year update to the McClean report, IC Insights updated its list of the top 20 semiconductor supplier by revenue in the first half of 2011. Intel Corp. extended its lead over No. 2 chip supplier Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., registering 43 percent better sales than Samsung in the first half of the year, IC Insights said.


Click on image to enlarge.

In total, the top 20 semiconductor suppliers showedan 8 percent increase in first half sales compared to the first half of2010, IC Insights said. This growth rate was 4 points better than totalworldwide semiconductor industry growth of 4 percent in the first halfof the year compared to 2010, IC Insights said.

Nvidia Corp. returned to the top 20—supplanting Panasonic Corp.—despite a first half sales increase of only 1 percent compared to 2010, IC Insights said.

IC Insights, Semiconductor, IC, Growth, 2011, Intel IC Insights lowers chip growth forecast

AMD CEO, Abhi Talwalkar, Derek Meyer, LSI, AMD, CEO, Talwalkar, Abhi, LSI's Talwalkar may be AMD's best hope

SAN JOSE, Calif. – The most interesting moment of my hour with LSI Corp. CEO Abhi Talwalkar yesterday came about half way through the wide-ranging interview. I asked him about the open AMD CEO job and he visibly choked.

This is a seasoned semiconductor executive I first met several years back at an Intel networking mixer after he gave a presentation at the Intel Developer Forum. At the time, he co-managed Intel's server group with Pat Gelsinger, the man who led the 386 design team. My first impression was Abhi was an up and comer—smart, hungry and gutsy—the model of a good Intel exec.

A few years later he took the reins at LSI Logic from veteran Wilf Corrigan who no doubt saw what I saw at the Intel mixer. My first thought was, 'Yup, Abhi was hungry alright and not willing to wait in the loooong line for the Intel CEO chair.'

Abhi has done well at LSI. The company was a shell of its former glory as the ASIC king of Silicon Valley when he joined. Today it's a different LSI (no "Logic" in the name), projecting ten percent growth in a market where some companies would be happy to see flat sales and profits.

Under Abhi, the company made some big bets that so far seem to be panning out. He bought Agere Systems to get into the network processor and DSP space, a risky expansion that was by no means a slam dunk success when it was announced. He also took LSI fabless.

Recently he sold off to NetApp a storage system business that was one of the fastest-growing growth segments for LSI. But it also put the chip maker into competition with potential customers like NetApp and EMC. The move was a difficult set of trade offs that so far Wall Street likes.

I typically do an interview with Abhi once a year to stay up to speed on what's going on in LSI's storage and networking markets. I always leave impressed by the depth of command he has on each the company's diverse sectors and his grasp of the 30,000-foot industry trends.

I also often leave without much of a story because Abhi is savvy. He has grown to speak like a CEO, knowing how to spin a credible tale to a reporter or Wall Street analyst to leave a favorable impression about the outlook for his company, its markets and industry. He's smooth.

So when in the midst of talk about flash drives I tossed out a question about the AMD CEO job, it was fascinating to see his reaction. The smoothness briefly fell away and he was back on his heels, like a man fumbling with a hot potato.

He didn't say much, but I thought his expression and body language said a lot. Maybe I am wrong but what I read in watching him was this: He has been approached for the job or would like to be. He has seriously considered it. Negotiations may still be going on.

What he actually said was, "No Comment."

Of course as a reporter I have been taught not to accept that and so probed again.

He said AMD needs someone who has experience as a CEO, knows the dynamics of the Intel market and has had some experience with big turnarounds. I said, 'Geez, sounds like your resume.'

More fumbling. I asked him outright, did AMD approach him? Was he considering it? Again, no comments.

I said, 'Yeah I imagine Wilf would be disappointed,' thinking the old vet made a big bet on the young and hungry exec who might not want to disappoint a mentor. He was quick with a comeback about how Wilf was no longer involved in the company.

So I asked about his interest in the AMD job again. He came back with one of those standard answers we reporters hear so much, something about being focused on LSI and its success. There's no doubt about the truth of that, but it didn't answer my question.

We went on with the interview, talking about all LSI's businesses. As I departed I quipped about letting me know if he hears anything about that AMD job. It hooked him like a marlin off Key West.

He was halfway out the door and came back to tell me the AMD turnaround is a hard job. There aren't many people qualified for it. How long have they been looking? What did I think about it?

The AMD board has a short fuse and may want to see results in 15 months, but this is a three to five year turnaround, he said. I wondered how he knew that about the AMD board.

I said we were speculating whether John Bruggeman left Cadence to take the AMD job. He snapped back that AMD needs someone from a chip, not an EDA company, and someone for whom the post was not their first CEO gig. Like you, Abhi, I thought silently.

If I was an AMD board member I would vote for Abhi Talwalkar as its next CEO. He's still smart and hungry as ever. But if I was an AMD board member I would first have to lecture that group about its stupidity dumping Derek Meyer. But after their loooong and so far fruitless CEO search, I think they might have got the gist of that message already.


AMD CEO, Abhi Talwalkar, Derek Meyer, LSI, AMD, CEO, Talwalkar, Abhi, LSI's Talwalkar may be AMD's best hope

KLA-Tencor, Nanometrics, Metrology, Patents, Suit Nanometrics files patent suit against KLA

SAN FRANCISCO—Metrology tool vendor Nanometrics Inc. Wednesday (Aug. 3) filed a patent infringement lawsuit against rival KLA-Tencor Corp. in U.S. federal court.

The lawsuit, filed in U.S. District Court in Delaware, accuses KLA-Tencor (Milpitas, Calif.) of violated two Nanometrics patents related to metrology. The suit seeks a court-ordered enjoinment on allegedly infringing KLA-Tencor products and unspecified damages.

The Nanometrics patents at issue in the case are U.S. patent No. 6,982,793 B1, "Method and Apparatus for Using and Alignment Target with Designed In Offset," and U.S. patent No. 7,230,705 B1, "Alignment Target with Designed Offset."

A spokesperson for Nanometrics (Milpitas) did not immediately respond to a request for comment on the case.

KLA-Tencor, Nanometrics, Metrology, Patents, Suit Nanometrics files patent suit against KLA

IC Insights, Semiconductor, IC, Growth, 2011, Intel IC Insights lowers semiconductor growth forecast

SAN FRANCISCO—Market research firm IC Insights Inc. lowered its forecast for semiconductor industry growth in 2011, citing a weak global economy.

IC Insights (Scottsdale, Ariz.) said it now projects that global semiconductor revenue will increase 5 percent this year, down from an earlier forecast calling for 10 percent growth. The firm also lowered its projection for 2011 integrated circuit (IC) growth to 4 percent from 10 percent.

In a mid-year update to the firm's McClean Report, IC Insights maintains that a series of economic setbacks—including the March 11 earthquake in Japan, the Arab Spring political uprising in the Middle East, a surge in natural disasters in the U.S. and government debt concerns in the U.S. and Europe—caused quarterly worldwide economic growth to slow significantly in the first half of 2011 as compared to 2010 and in turn served to slow worldwide electronics and semiconductor industry market growth.

"While any of these negative events by themselves may not have had a serious impact, combined, they served to noticeably slow the worldwide economy in the first half of this year," said Bill McClean, president of IC Insights, in a research bulletin.

Worldwide GDP figures have been on fairly steep decline since reaching 4.6 percent in 2010, IC Insights said. The second quarter GDP estimate of 3.1 percent is 33 percent lower than it was in the second quarter of 2010 and less than 1 percent over the 2.5 percent global recession mark, IC Insights said.

IC Insights said it expects worldwide GDP growth to be better in the second half of the year than it was in the second half due to post-earthquake investment by Japan and a stronger economy in the U.S.

Also in the mid-year update to the McClean report, IC Insights updated its list of the top 20 semiconductor supplier by revenue in the first half of 2011. Intel Corp. extended its lead over No. 2 chip supplier Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd., registering 43 percent better sales than Samsung in the first half of the year, IC Insights said.


Click on image to enlarge.

In total, the top 20 semiconductor suppliers showedan 8 percent increase in first half sales compared to the first half of2010, IC Insights said. This growth rate was 4 points better than totalworldwide semiconductor industry growth of 4 percent in the first halfof the year compared to 2010, IC Insights said.

Nvidia Corp. returned to the top 20—supplanting Panasonic Corp.—despite a first half sales increase of only 1 percent compared to 2010, IC Insights said.

IC Insights, Semiconductor, IC, Growth, 2011, Intel IC Insights lowers semiconductor growth forecast

First opal-like crystals discovered in meteorite

Katsuo Tsukamoto and colleagues say that colloidal crystals such as opals, which form as an orderly array of particles, are of great interest to for their potential use in new electronics and optical devices. Surprisingly, the crystals in the meteorite are composed of magnetite, which scientists thought could not assemble into such a crystal because magnetic attractions might pack the atoms together too tightly. "We believe that, if synthesized, magnetite colloidal crystals have promising potential as a novel functional material," the article notes.

The formation of colloidal crystals in the meteorite implies that several conditions must have existed when they formed. "First, a certain amount of solution water must have been present in the meteorite to disperse the colloidal particles," the report explains. "The solution water must have been confined in small voids, in which colloidal crystallization takes place. These conditions, along with evidence from similar meteorites, suggest that the crystals may have formed 4.6 billion years ago."

The authors acknowledge funding from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, the Tohoku University Global COE Program, and the Center for Interdisciplinary Research Tohoku University.


First opal-like crystals discovered in meteorite