Replica Watches: 05/15/13

2013-05-15

Marijuana users have better blood sugar control

May 15, 2013 — Regular marijuana use is associated with favorable indices related to diabetic control, say investigators. They found that current marijuana users had significantly lower fasting insulin and were less likely to be insulin resistant, even after excluding patients with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Their findings are reported in the current issue of The American Journal of Medicine.

Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) has been used for centuries to relieve pain, improve mood, and increase appetite. Outlawed in the United States in 1937, its social use continues to increase and public opinion is swinging in favor of the medicinal use of marijuana. There are an estimated 17.4 million current users of marijuana in the United States. Approximately 4.6 million of these users smoke marijuana daily or almost daily. A synthetic form of its active ingredient, tetrahydrocannabinol, commonly known as THC, has already been approved to treat side-effects of chemotherapy, AIDS-induced anorexia, nausea, and other medical conditions. With the recent legalization of recreational marijuana in two states and the legalization of medical marijuana in 19 states and the District of Columbia, physicians will increasingly encounter marijuana use among their patient populations.

A multicenter research team analyzed data obtained during the National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) between 2005 and 2010. They studied data from 4,657 patients who completed a drug use questionnaire. Of these, 579 were current marijuana users, 1,975 had used marijuana in the past but were not current users, and 2,103 had never inhaled or ingested marijuana. Fasting insulin and glucose were measured via blood samples following a nine hour fast, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated to evaluate insulin resistance.

Participants who reported using marijuana in the past month had lower levels of fasting insulin and HOMA-IR and higher levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). These associations were weaker among those who reported using marijuana at least once, but not in the past thirty days, suggesting that the impact of marijuana use on insulin and insulin resistance exists during periods of recent use. Current users had 16% lower fasting insulin levels than participants who reported never having used marijuana in their lifetimes.

Large waist circumference is linked to diabetes risk. In the current study there were also significant associations between marijuana use and smaller waist circumferences.

"Previous epidemiologic studies have found lower prevalence rates of obesity and diabetes mellitus in marijuana users compared to people who have never used marijuana, suggesting a relationship between cannabinoids and peripheral metabolic processes, but ours is the first study to investigate the relationship between marijuana use and fasting insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance," says lead investigator Murray A. Mittleman, MD, DrPH, of the Cardiovascular Epidemiology Research Unit at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.

"It is possible that the inverse association in fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance seen among current marijuana users could be in part due to changes in usage patterns among those with a diagnosis of diabetes (i.e., those with diabetes may have been told to cease smoking). However, after we excluded those subjects with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, the associations between marijuana use and insulin levels, HOMA-IR, waist circumference, and HDL-C were similar and remained statistically significant," states Elizabeth Penner, MD, MPH, an author of the study.

Although people who smoke marijuana have higher average caloric intake levels than non-users, marijuana use has been associated with lower body-mass index (BMI) in two previous surveys. "The mechanisms underlying this paradox have not been determined and the impact of regular marijuana use on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors remains unknown," says coauthor Hannah Buettner.

The investigators acknowledge that data on marijuana use were self-reported and may be subject to underestimation or denial of illicit drug use. However, they point out, underestimation of drug use would likely yield results biased toward observing no association.

Editor-in-Chief Joseph S. Alpert, MD, Professor of Medicine at the University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, comments, "These are indeed remarkable observations that are supported, as the authors note, by basic science experiments that came to similar conclusions.

"We desperately need a great deal more basic and clinical research into the short- and long-term effects of marijuana in a variety of clinical settings such as cancer, diabetes, and frailty of the elderly," continues Alpert." I would like to call on the NIH and the DEA to collaborate in developing policies to implement solid scientific investigations that would lead to information assisting physicians in the proper use and prescription of THC in its synthetic or herbal form."

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Storage power plant on the seabed

The idea of an underwater pumped hydroelectric power plant may sound like Jules Verne fiction, but then it was hatched by a German engineer who has spent much of his professional life working in aerospace technology.

"Imagine opening a hatch in a submarine under water. The water will flow into the submarine with enormous force. It is precisely this energy potential we want to utilize," explains Rainer Schramm, inventor and founder of the company Subhydro AS to Gemini.no. "Many people have launched the idea of storing energy by exploiting the pressure at the seabed, but we are the first in the world to apply a specific patent-pending technology to make this possible," he adds. He has joined forces with SINTEF in order to realize the concept.

Turbine converts energy

"SINTEF has experts in the fields of energy generation, materials technology and not least offshore and deep-water technology, which means we have all the expertise we need in one place," says the German inventor. To use the water pressure at the sea bed in practice, the mechanical energy is converted by a reversible pump turbine, as in a normal pumped storage hydroelectric plant. "A pumped storage power plant is a hydroelectric plant which can be "charged" up again by pumping the water back to the upper reservoir once it has passed through a turbine. This type of power plant is used as a "battery," when connected to the power grid," the inventor explains. In this pumped storage power plant turbine will be connected to a tank on the seabed at a depth of 400-800 metres. The turbine is fitted with a valve, and when this is opened, water flows in and starts turning the turbine. The turbine drives a generator to produce electricity. One can connect as many tanks as one wishes. In other words, it is the number of water tanks that decides how long the plant can generate electricity, before the energy storage capacity is exhausted.

High degree of storage efficiency

"When the water tanks are full, the water must be removed from the tanks," Schramm explains. This is achieved by running the turbine in reverse, so that it functions as a pump. The process consumes energy from the power grid, just as when one charges an ordinary battery. Although a bit more energy is used to empty the water tanks than can be recovered from flooding them, the degree of efficiency of this type of power plant is just as high as that of a conventional, onshore plant. According to Schramm, calculations indicate an electric storage efficiency of approximately 80 per cent round-trip.

Another advantage of the system is that equipment can be scaled according to users' requirements, both as regards the turbine size and the number of water tanks. A plant of normal size will produce roughly 300 megawatts for a period of 7-8 hours. This is enough energy to supply just over 200,000 British households with electricity for the same time.

"We envisage that this type of storage plant will function well in conjunction with, for example, wind farms. At strong wind conditions, excess electricity is sent subsea to pump water out of the storage tanks. In periods with little wind, energy can be obtained from this underwater plant instead. The same applies to solar generation: the pumped storage power station can contribute to constant electricity production at night time when there is no sunshine to run a solar power plant," says Rainer Schramm.

The deeper the better In addition to the number of tanks, the sea depth also determines the effectiveness of the plant: the deeper the equipment is located, the greater is the pressure difference between the sea surface and the seabed, and the more energy is stored in a single tank. "This is part of the reason why we want to try out the technology in Norway," says Rainer Schramm. In his native country Germany the sea is too shallow for the system to be profitable, but there are many parts of the world where great water depths are located close inshore, such as the marine areas around Italy, Portugal and Spain, as well as North and South America.

Advanced concrete technology

One of the challenges faced by the SINTEF research scientists is to develop a type of concrete which can be used to cast the water tanks which are placed on the seabed. Tor Arne Martius-Hammer at SINTEF Building and Infrastructure is an expert on strong, light concrete types.

"The challenge is to find the optimal balance between strength and cost. If we achieve the goal of creating a concrete which will withstand at least 5 times as high loading as ordinary concrete, we can reduce the wall thickness by 75 per cent. This is a critical factor. We need to reach production and installation costs which make storage of energy economical in relation to the price of electrical energy," Martius-Hammer explains.

One of the solutions SINTEF will work on is reinforcing the concrete with thin steel fibres instead of the normal steel rebar. This will result in a significant simplification of the production process. Concrete is in existence at present which can be used, but our job is to develop a cheaper alternative," says Martius-Hammer.

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Political motivations may have evolutionary links to physical strength

May 15, 2013 — Men's upper-body strength predicts their political opinions on economic redistribution, according to new research published in Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science.

The principal investigators of the research -- psychological scientists Michael Bang Petersen of Aarhus University, Denmark and Daniel Sznycer of University of California, Santa Barbara -- believe that the link may reflect psychological traits that evolved in response to our early ancestral environments and continue to influence behavior today.

"While many think of politics as a modern phenomenon, it has -- in a sense -- always been with our species," says Petersen.

In the days of our early ancestors, decisions about the distribution of resources weren't made in courthouses or legislative offices, but through shows of strength. With this in mind, Petersen, Sznycer and colleagues hypothesized that upper-body strength -- a proxy for the ability to physically defend or acquire resources -- would predict men's opinions about the redistribution of wealth.

The researchers collected data on bicep size, socioeconomic status, and support for economic redistribution from hundreds of people in the United States, Argentina, and Denmark.

In line with their hypotheses, the data revealed that wealthy men with high upper-body strength were less likely to support redistribution, while less wealthy men of the same strength were more likely to support it.

"Despite the fact that the United States, Denmark and Argentina have very different welfare systems, we still see that -- at the psychological level -- individuals reason about welfare redistribution in the same way," says Petersen. "In all three countries, physically strong males consistently pursue the self-interested position on redistribution."

Men with low upper-body strength, on the other hand, were less likely to support their own self-interest. Wealthy men of this group showed less resistance to redistribution, while poor men showed less support.

"Our results demonstrate that physically weak males are more reluctant than physically strong males to assert their self-interest -- just as if disputes over national policies were a matter of direct physical confrontation among small numbers of individuals, rather than abstract electoral dynamics among millions," says Petersen.

Interestingly, the researchers found no link between upper-body strength and redistribution opinions among women. Petersen argues that this is likely due to the fact that, over the course of evolutionary history, women had less to gain, and also more to lose, from engaging in direct physical aggression.

Together, the results indicate that an evolutionary perspective may help to illuminate political motivations, at least those of men.

"Many previous studies have shown that people's political views cannot be predicted by standard economic models," Petersen explains. "This is among the first studies to show that political views may be rational in another sense, in that they're designed by natural selection to function in the conditions recurrent over human evolutionary history."

Co-authors on this research include Aaron Sell, Leda Cosmides, and John Tooby of the University of California, Santa Barbara.

This research was supported by a grant from the Danish Research Council and a Director's Pioneer Award from the National Institutes of Health.

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Obtaining polymers with la carte optical and electrical properties

At the UPV/EHU's Polytechnical College of San Sebastian they are working with particles that act like quantum dots, specifically with cadmium and selenium composite nanoparticles. One of the characteristics of quantum dots is that the optical and electrical properties of the particle vary according to size.

In the case of the cadmium and selenium composite particles, this variation takes place in nanoparticles of less than 10 nanometres -- a nanometre is equal to one millionth of a millimetre -- , and, "therefore it is not the same to have a nanoparticle of 3 nanometres or one of 6 nanometres," explains Haritz Etxeberria, researcher in the UPV/EHU's department of Chemical Engineering and the Environment and author of the research. This allows nanoparticles with very specific properties to be synthesised, and subsequently when these nanoparticles are incorporated into other materials, the researcher can prepare new composite materials with pre-selected properties. "Through nanocharges it is possible to add other properties to the intrinsic properties of the basic materials: nanoparticles, nanoclays, fibres, etc. Finally, by uniting the properties of some of them, materials with new properties are obtained," says Etxeberria.

In opto-electronics, biomedicine and in the field of solar panels the authors are seeking applications for the particles that function like quantum dots.

The work done by Etxeberria consisted of synthesising composite cadmium and selenium nanoparticles, and subsequently, of analysing methods for inserting these nanoparticles into a polymer. The main challenge tends to be in fact dispersing the nanoparticles properly throughout the polymer; failure to achieve this means that the composite material will not have the properties that one wants to give it by means of the nanoparticles. "Because the nanoparticles are so small, they tend to group together. So large agglomerates are obtained and they appear mixed in different phases. But when their size is increased, they lose the properties they have as nanoparticles," stresses Etxeberria.

In the first phase of the research work, Etxeberria synthesized nanoparticles of cadmium selenide of different sizes and, bearing in mind the importance of size in the properties of the particle, he analysed various synthesis parameters to optimize the synthesis of the nanoparticles and obtain nanoparticles of cadmium selenide of the desired size and properties.

In the second phase, he analysed methodologies for inserting and dispersing nanoparticles of a specific size (of between 3 and 4 nanometres) throughout the polymer. For this purpose he worked with a block copolymer made of polystyrene and polybutadiene. "We used block copolymers because they allow the phases to be obtained. They share immiscible ingredients, but because they are bonded to each other, they create phase arrangements on a nanometric level, and allow the adding of nanoparticles that have an affinity with one phase or another," explains Etxeberria.

Etxeberria was aiming to disperse the cadmium selenide nanoparticles in the polystyrene phase. To do this, he tried out various functionalization techniques. Functionalization means that molecules that will render the nanoparticles miscible in the selected phase are added to their surface so that they can be properly dispersed throughout the polymer. The best results were obtained by means of the technique known as "grafting through." "Using the grafting through technique, the nanoparticles are placed in the environment in which styrene polymerization takes place. That way, the polymer sometimes grows from the nanoparticle surface, other particles are trapped between the polymer chains, and free polymer is also created," explains Etxeberria. The result is a material that has an affinity with polystyrene, and which produces the desired homogenous dispersion when blended with the block copolymer.

This has been demonstrated by the measurements carried out on the composite material created: the composite material has the same optical and electrical characteristics that the nanoparticles had initially. In view of the good results of the technique, Etxeberria is now working on other materials, like cellulose.

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Electronics comes to paper: Paper, being light and foldable, works well for electrically conducting structures

May 15, 2013 — Paper, being a light and foldable raw material, is a cost-efficient and simple means of generating electrically conducting structures.

Paper is becoming a high-tech material. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam-Golm have created targeted conductive structures on paper using a method that is quite simple: with a conventional inkjet printer, they printed a catalyst on a sheet of paper and then heated it. The printed areas on the paper were thereby converted into conductive graphite. Being an inexpensive, light and flexible raw material, paper is therefore highly suitable for electronic components in everyday objects.

Cost-efficient and flexible microchips are opening up applications in the electronics sector for which silicon chips are too expensive or difficult to make, and for which RFID chips, now available on a widespread basis, simply do not suffice: clothes, for instance, that monitor bodily functions, flexible screens, or labels that give more information about a product then can be printed on the packaging.

Although many scientists around the world are successfully developing flexible chips, they have been forced to almost always rely on plastics as the carrier and, in some cases, use polymers and other organic molecules as conductive components. These materials may meet many requirements; however, they are all, without exception, sensitive to heat. "Their processing cannot be integrated into the usual production of electronics, because temperatures in production can reach over 400 degrees Celsius," says Cristina Giordano, who leads a working group at the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces and as now come up with an alternative solution.

Paper electronics enables three-dimensional conductive structures

Carbon electronics, which Giordano and her colleagues create from paper, can withstand temperatures of around 800 degrees Celsius during production in an oxygen-free environment, and would not have a negative impact on established processes. And that is not the only trump card of paper-based electronics. The light and inexpensive material can be processed very easily, even into three-dimensional conductive structures.

The Potsdam-based researchers convert the cellulose of the paper into graphite with iron nitrate serving as the catalyst. "Using a commercial inkjet printer, we print a solution of the catalyst in a fine pattern on a sheet of paper," says Stefan Glatzel, who is responsible for bringing electronics to paper in his doctoral thesis. If the researchers then heat the sheets that were printed with a catalyst to 800 degrees Celsius in a nitrogen atmosphere, the cellulose will continue to release water until all that remains is pure carbon. Whereas an electrically conducting mixture of regularly structured carbon sheets of graphite and iron carbide forms in the printed areas, the non-printed areas are left behind as carbon without a regular structure, and they are less conductive.

That actual, precisely formed conducting paths are created in this way was demonstrated by the researchers in a simple experiment: First, they printed the catalyst on a sheet of paper in the pattern of Minerva, the subtle symbol of the Max Planck Society. The printed pattern was then converted into graphite. They then used the graphite Minerva as a cathode, which was electrolytically coated with copper. The metal was only deposited on the lines sketched by the printer.

An origami crane dressed in copper

In another experiment, the team in Potsdam demonstrated how three-dimensional, conductive structures can be created using their method. For this experiment, the team folded a sheet of paper into an origami crane. This was then immersed in the catalyst and baked into graphite. "The three-dimensional form was completely retained, but consisted entirely of conductive carbon after the process," says Stefan Glatzel. He demonstrated this again by electrolytically coating the origami bird with copper. The entire crane subsequently had a copper sheen.

Finally, the actual process of the catalytic conversion was illustrated by the Max Planck scientists. Using a transmission electron microscope, they made a film of the process, observing how the catalyst journeyed through the paper in the form of nano droplets of an iron-carbon molten mixture, leaving graphite in its wake. This aspect, too, might be interesting for possible applications of the process. The better the understanding of chemists when it comes to what actually happens during the process, the better they can control the reaction. And this does not only apply to the production of paper electronics, but also to the manufacture of carbon nanotubes, where iron has been used as a catalyst for quite some time already.

Graphene structures from thin paper

This video of the graphite formation gave the researchers a comprehensive insight into catalytic conversion. Starting from these results, they are now trying to end a dispute over the mechanism behind the conversion. Some of their colleagues assume that the reaction takes place in a solid state. "Our study, however, shows that molten metal, or a so-called eutectic, is formed," says Giordano. "We observed something interesting here, as iron itself does not melt until temperatures of about 1500 degrees are reached."

Why the mixture of iron and carbon melts at relatively low temperatures is now being examined more closely by Giordano and her team. It may be possible to use this effect in other areas. Moreover, the researchers intend to further explore the potential of paper electronics. Here, they do not just want to exploit the magnetic properties of the material, which are a result of the iron carbide. By reducing the paper strength and subtly controlling the process, they also want to create conducting paths from graphene; by "graphene," they are referring to one of the carbon sheets that are stacked on top of each other in the graphite. "We will also combine graphite with other materials," explains Giordano. The inkjet printer makes this possible -- it is from the printer's cartridges that iron nitrate solutions, as well as solutions from other metal salts or dispersions containing metal particles finely distributed in water can be brought to paper.

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福建东南春拍桃花冻石赏析

福建东南2013春拍•寿山石雕珍品夜场拍品•水洞高山桃花洞石素章

福建东南2013春拍•寿山石雕精品专场拍品•水洞高山桃花洞石对章

　　福建东南2013春拍将于5月26日在福州香格里拉大酒店三层·福州厅揭开大幕,无数精美的寿山石尚未举槌就受到许多收藏爱好者的关注.除了历年来必然引发众多讨论话题的拍卖顶梁柱——田黄重器,还有芙蓉石、荔枝冻石等传统优质寿山石之外,今年福建东南春拍中又出现了不少令人眼前一亮的新关注点,其中之一就是笔者下面将要为大家介绍的桃花冻石.

　　初见桃花冻石,大部分人的脑海中想必会浮现出唐代杜少陵的《绝句漫兴九首》中那句“轻薄桃花逐水流”,的确桃花冻石那透明波光中的点点嫣红,或密或疏,聚散浮沉,将水色都染做淡淡绯红的样子,与这句诗再切合不过.毛奇龄《后观石录》将桃花冻又称为“桃花水”,实在是恰当之至.当然,更为雅致的形容应属李太白《山中问答》里那句“桃花流水窅然去,别有天地非人间.”明明是绚烂之极的景致,却透出淡淡的伤感之意,让人不其然想起《观石录》里那句“方开箧,趋令收却.予讶之,笑曰:‘不敢久视,恐相思耳.’”虽所言之事有异,却此情共通.

　　此次东南春拍桃花冻珍品不胜枚举,其中两件极为可人,一为桃花冻素对章,一为水洞高山桃花素章.

　　桃花冻素对章,素面朝天,不施斧凿,展现的是石材本身的天然之美.这对水洞高山桃花冻石素章如同一石所出的两位姊妹,质成一体的同时又微有不同.素章整体石质温润,色泽微透明带浅黄,观之如同少女,温柔可亲,章体上方遍布细密红点,自上而下短短一截疏密变幻有致又蘧然而至,如同暖春时桃花绯瓣落于流水之上,落英逐水,深浅流漫,聚散有情,娇艳动人,浮沉中红光晻然,凝而视之,似动非动,唯有“春来遍是桃花水”可形容一二.有如此点点如落红雨的桃花已是难得,更为可贵的是这两枚素章同样大小,形制规整修长,观之无瑕,当属水洞高山桃花冻石的上品,其天然之美已达到极致,似以生命本然所呈现出的“天之言”,无需人工作添足之笔.

　　而另一枚水洞高山桃花冻素章,颜色几近全红,妍媚无俦.细细观看,洁白的半透明底色中,遍布了密密的朱砂细点,如同胭脂之渍粉,又如同暖春瞬间绽放的千树桃花,真可谓“满树和娇烂漫红,万枝丹彩灼春融”,灼灼其华,随风追逐落如水中,鲜艳娇媚,若浮若沉,时聚时散,观之充满动感,正如《后观石录》中所言:“谛视其中,如白水滤丹砂,水砂分明,粼粼可爱.”其天然所形成的桃花已经宛若一幅灿烂娇艳的桃花图,美艳于外却内含清润,仅作素章便足以让人握于手中时时把玩摸索,或置于书房案头端详细品,韵味无穷.(图片由福建东南拍卖[微博]提供)

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东盟珠宝玉石展览会：奇珍玉石争奇斗艳

　　■本报记者黄贤灵见习记者乔馨

　　上周, 2013中国—东盟珠宝玉石展览会在南宁举行,各地珠宝玉石上演了一场“珠光宝气”大戏,广西桂林鸡血玉、贺州黄龙玉、岑溪金砂玉、昭平彩玉、贺州荔枝玉受到广大玉石爱好者青睐,前往展会看宝、赏宝、淘宝的市民络绎不绝.

　　现场:珠宝玉石展上宝贝真不少

　　上周,记者在现场看到玉中极品和田玉深受受各界人士尤其是女士的青睐.翡翠以色彩丰富号称玉中之皇,由于资源稀缺和不可再生性,其佳品尤为难得.各种红蓝宝石、碧玺精品也争奇斗艳,珠光宝色吸引了无数市民,大家纷纷以重金购下.

　　此外,来自越南、泰国、缅甸、柬埔寨等东南亚珠宝玉石“质朴天然、原汁原味、巧夺天工、别有情调”,展示了异域风情艺术,成为展会的一道靓丽风景线.

　　除了展销区展出的琳琅满目珠宝玉石,由广西珠宝协会和广西观赏石协会举办“天工神韵”2013广西宝玉石雕刻优秀作品也亮相展会,为市民呈上一场美轮美奂的盛宴.

　　喜

　　本土玉石崭露头角

　　在展会上,记者惊喜地看到,来自岑溪珠宝玉石协会、贺州珠宝玉石协会、桂林珠宝协会等组织的广西本土企业组团参加,所展示的金砂玉、黄龙玉、鸡血玉等雕工精美,其中一些不乏收藏价值.

　　走遍本地玉石展位,记者发现,广西玉石之美观程度毫不亚于外地的珠宝玉石.合山精美的鸳鸯石天然成器,仿佛每个石头都有如生命般灵动.来自昭平的彩玉,原石其貌不扬,但打开后红、黄相见的美玉精美别致,惹人喜爱.而岑溪金砂石协会带来的一款名为 “甜甜蜜蜜”的摆件,售价高达18万元,该摆件雕塑出栩栩如生的蜂巢,蜜蜂环绕在其左右,里面的蜂蜜仿佛如滴珠般流出.引人关注的贺州荔枝冻玉石,如鲜嫩的荔枝肉般引人注目,其价格根据冻的程度区分,现场展出的一款 “观音”摆件更是高达60万元.

　　憾

　　本地雕工紧缺

　　广西本地玉石产业小荷才露尖尖角,但玉不琢不成器,记者在采访中了解到雕工缺乏已经成为广西玉石产业的短板:本地的雕工较少,而其中工艺好的雕工更是少之又少.

　　“整个昭平县雕工很少,仅有两三名雕工,我们也很想引进外地的优秀雕工到昭平来.”昭平县观赏石协会的唐宗书副会长说道.不仅昭平缺乏好的雕工师傅,桂林龙胜也有同样的情况,鸡血石原石丰富,但缺少雕工,有些摆件只能是先运到外地加工,再运回桂林销售,无形中增加了不少成本.而来自贺州的朱先生表示,他们的贺州玉石好的材料大多拿去外地给师傅雕刻,手艺和雕工会比本地师傅更胜一筹.

　　“社会上对玉石雕刻人才的需求很大.”业内人士告诉记者,现在广西的一些玉石原料产地,主要还是以挖掘、开采为主,本地玉雕人才极度缺乏.而玉石的雕刻是玉石价值的重要部分,有时候雕工甚至决定一块玉的价值.因此,采访中众多展商盼望一些著名的雕工大师能来到广西开班授业,让广西玉石的附加值得以提升.

　　叹

　　外地玉石新奇

　　此次珠宝玉石展,有很多操着外国口音的店主积极向市民介绍他们国家的特色玉石,来自缅甸的阿维表示,他在中国做翡翠生意已有三年,很期待在东盟珠宝玉石展览会上能有好的成交量.越南老街的火烧金通过黄金镀黄铜的工艺,制作了很多精致的小物件,如碗具套装、耳环戒指等.

　　红的像红宝、蓝的像蓝宝、紫的像紫罗兰,台湾珠宝商带来的七彩玉在现场非常抢眼,其中现场一个巨大的七彩玉聚宝盆更是让市民叹为观止.据了解,七彩玉是台湾花莲中央山脉所蕴藏的玉石,矿藏内含绿玉蛇纹、变质岩,适用于制作花瓶等工艺品.由于做工细腻、色泽瑰丽晶莹、种类繁多且款式新颖.参展商介绍说,七彩玉基本色是红、黄和绿,蓝是它最特殊的颜色,有蓝就特别珍贵.七彩玉的颜色越鲜艳越漂亮,价值也就越高.

　　奇

　　赌石上演“疯狂的石头”

　　听过“赌石”,但有多少人真正见过呢？上周,在2013中国—东盟珠宝玉石展览会上,来自云南的展商戴先生现场向市民展示神秘的“赌石”文化,让不少市民大饱眼福.

　　赌石是指翡翠在开采出来时,有一层风化皮包裹着,无法知道其内的好坏,须切割后方能知道质量.未经过加工的翡翠原石称为“毛料”.过去,翡翠原石的买卖是珠宝界最神秘的一种交易,神秘就在这“赌”字上.

　　记者拿起其中一块石头,上面沙尘满满,戴先生笑着说别看这块石头其貌不扬,但是表面比较细腻光滑,难说就是一块好料.“赌石就是赌它的成色好坏,看里面的成色,水头好不好,一般来说石头重的会比较好.”他补充说道.

　　戴先生带来的石头价格从100元到38万元不等.开展首日,便有买家以4500元和3800元的价格赌上两块石头,结果都开出了翡翠.“神仙难断翠玉.大部分都应该是有翡翠的,但水头不一样,没有翡翠就证明水头已经干掉了.”戴先生说道.

　　此外,现场还有不少市民自带专业玉石探照灯来照射原石表面,看上去颇为专业,经聊天得知他们也是这一行的玩家,对赌石小有研究,此次前来想找找好石头.

　　来源:南宁晚报

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玉雕师花30多万买了块废石欲变废为宝

李玟翰和他正在雕刻中的大型玉雕作品《香山九老》.

　　广西新闻网-当代生活报记者雷小琴实习生吴凡

　　【开栏语】

　　社区是一个大家庭,这个大家庭里总有那么一群文化人――他们,可能没有声名远扬,也没有粉丝无数,但他们的文化味儿,却让社区充满着浓浓的人文气息,让街坊四邻感受到爱与美.社区文化是我们生活的大舞台,他们就是这个舞台上的领舞者.不求名利于舞台,但见欣赏于街坊,他们是社区文化的灵魂人物,我们称他们为社区文化名人.本报今日起推出“社区文化名人系列报道”,让我们走近这群领舞者,用真实的笔端,为这些草根名人画一个素描,让更多的读者知道他们,支持他们,让社区文化滋润更多人的心灵.敬请读者关注.

　　核心提示

　　都说玉不琢不成器,作玉人(即用心雕刻作品的玉人)的压力跟整容医生有得一拼.广西作玉人李玟翰,就通过他的巧手巧思,让一块鸡肋玉料华丽转身,由不起眼的灰姑娘变成华丽尊贵的王妃.5月12日,在“天工神韵――2013年首届广西宝玉石雕刻优秀作品展”上,记者见到了石头版的“丑小鸭变天鹅” 的导演――桂林作玉人李玟翰.

　　看走眼

　　30多万

　　买了个“废料”

　　几年前, 李玟翰花30多万元在缅甸公盘(公盘指暗标拍卖的,最后一天才开标,出价最高的才成交)上标下了一块墨玉石料.

　　这个大块头重约40公斤,它安安静静地“躺”在“手术台”上,等着被人“开膛破肚”.

　　切下去了！围观的人们屏气凝神,准备见证“奇迹的时刻”.“啊！没有！”有人惊呼起来.第一刀切下去,竟然没出玉！

　　李玟翰心里“咯噔”一响,隐约有了答案.

　　抱着最后一丝希望,李玟翰要求工作人员更小心地操作.

　　毛料被小心翼翼地解开.最后,30多万元只换来10多公斤的墨玉.这么大的墨玉能做什么？不是废了嘛！

　　连李玟翰老师都看走眼了？周围的人都用同情的眼光看着李玟翰.没办法,李玟翰暗叹一声.这墨玉石料天生不足啊！这该怎么办？

　　巧用心

　　无用废料

　　精心雕刻获金奖

　　公盘结束后,李玟翰把墨玉石料带回广西,他琢磨着要做些什么.

　　有人觉得纳闷,就劝他:“这废品还带回去干嘛？你也不嫌重,干脆扔到一边算了.”

　　可李玟翰不干,玉料先天不足,后天补补呗！

　　左瞅瞅,右看看,这块墨玉料能变成什么样子呢？关公勇猛忠义,包公铁面无私,判官威武正气,老牛勤勤恳恳……李玟翰把玩着这块墨石,想了很久很久,心中有了答案.

　　2011年初夏,李玟翰决定闭关雕刻,他要给顽石来个彻底的整容.外界质疑声不断,大家不看好李玟翰的行动,说不值得为废料如此付出.

　　李玟翰可没空理会这些.他每天忙得像个陀螺,这个作玉人保持着一种难以理解的工作热情,他每天有7-8个小时待在雕刻室,有时甚至11-12小时.

　　7个多月的时光匆匆流逝,李玟翰结束了这次对墨玉的“整容手术”.

　　“手术”成果出来了:一头懒洋洋的大黑熊,隐隐释放着森林霸主的威严,似乎正漫不经心的向众生宣布,这是我的领地！一只神态可掬的小熊依偎在大熊身边,有样学样不甘示弱地发出哄叫声,大熊眼神稍稍瞥向小熊,向小熊传授心得体会……

　　终于,在2012年的春天里,这块废品玉料枯木逢春,重生了.

　　2013年5月8日,李玟翰这组“雄霸天下后继有人”的玉雕获得首届广西宝玉石雕刻作品展金奖.大熊霸气十足,小熊憨憨可爱,作品透着一股闲适安逸的味儿.

　　有窘迫

　　赌石最高欠下

　　100万元外债

　　为了找到好料,石头迷李玟翰常常在大街小巷转悠,有特色斑点、裂痕和石纹等的毛料都是他所爱.别人为自由,舍弃生命与爱情；可这家伙倒好,为了石头,那可是一掷千金啊！

　　大约在2003年至2004年间,这个石头痴子又“败家”了,居然花了200多万元买了6块石料！

　　有人说买就买了呗,只要开出来涨就行了.可情况不是这样啊,李玟翰亏了！最多在一块石料上亏了40多万呢,一共欠人家100多万啊！

　　玩玉有风险,赌石需谨慎哪！入行20多年的李玟翰有些难过,可在这个行业里,看走眼买废料的情况实属正常,所以他还是很淡定的.

　　你淡定我可不淡定啊！债主急了,大家都知道你李玟翰买玉料买亏了.于是乎,李家的电话不时响起,几乎都是债主来催债的.

　　有人觉得奇怪啦,李玟翰不是作玉人么？卖掉一些玉雕不就补上财政窟窿了嘛.说得容易,做时难.雕玉可不是像工厂流水线作业“刷刷刷”式生产的,前期投入大,雕刻时间长,要出一件玉雕就要较长时间.而且这家伙还有个怪癖,遇到一个不珍惜玉的买家,他还不卖了呢.

　　事已至此,烦躁也无济于事.李玟翰沉下气,决定和债主们开诚布公谈一次.后来,债主们同意缓一缓.

　　接着,作玉人李玟翰又发挥他的手艺变废为宝啦！在4年的时间里,他用这6块石料做了13件玉雕,终于还清了100万元的债务.

　　看行业

　　广西好玉

　　需有心人来雕

　　李玟翰的成就,是他25年来对玉雕的坚持换来的.从当玉匠开始,他就天天在雕刻室里与粉尘噪音相伴,一步步的学习、提高,学习国画、历史等多方面的知识,才最终成为了作玉人.

　　辛苦、劳累和寂寞是常态,身无分文也是常态.作玉人的月收入很不固定,李玟翰有时月收入二十万,可最经常的情况是,每个月都“零进账”.

　　1994年,作为广西玉雕人才,李玟翰被广西珠宝研究所吸引回家乡工作.据李玟翰介绍,在上世纪80年代广西本土玉雕师几乎为零,玉器基本来自广东、河南和江浙一带.他说:“只有一些师傅会补玉之类的工作,而本土玉雕师几乎可以说是没有.”

　　李玟翰说,到了上世纪90年代,广西桂林陆陆续续开了四五家玉雕厂,广西才逐步培养起了一批本土玉雕师.进入21世纪,广西出现了王俊懿等比较有名的作玉人,这提高了人们对广西玉雕的关注度,广西玉雕才逐渐被人们熟知.

　　2013年,李玟翰参加了“天工神韵――2013年首届广西宝玉石雕刻优秀作品展评”活动,并凭借“雄霸天下后继有人”这件作品获得了金奖.首届广西宝玉石雕刻展评共评选出金奖15名,银奖30名,铜奖40名,优秀奖144名.他说:“广西玉雕这十年来发展很快,目前已显现出一些注重色彩搭配和细节、作品追求传神的特点,需要有心的人来雕刻.”

　　近年来,大量新型玉石材料在广西本土被发现,如龙胜鸡血玉、贺州黄龙玉、岑溪金砂玉、河池和田玉、来宾水玉、防城扶隆玉、博白玛瑙等.这些新的玉石品种已被越来越多的消费者所接受,其中不乏一些优质玉石品种已成为炙手可热的投资收藏珍品.李玟翰说:“目前本土的新型玉石材料的品质都差不多,但就目前的市场反应来看,桂林鸡血石比较受欢迎.”他表示,下一步将考虑用广西新型“玉石”来雕刻作品.

　　名词解释

　　赌石

　　赌石或赌货是指翡翠在开采出来时,有一层风化皮包裹着,无法知道其内的好坏,须切割后方能知道质量的翡翠.赌石成为一种玉石交易方式是近十几年在中缅边界兴起并繁荣的.一块未经开窗的原石,除了形状和重量外谁也说不清里面是什么,唯有切割剖开才有真实的结论,赌石人凭着自己的经验,依据皮壳上的表现,反复进行猜测和判断,估算出价格.

来源:新浪收藏

TAG:玉雕师花30多万买了块废石欲变废为宝翡翠翡翠手镯中国翡翠网翡翠新闻

'Owning' a darker skin can positively impact racial bias, study finds

In the study that was funded by the European Research Council and published today in Cognition, the team used the tried and tested Rubber Hand Illusion, where participants are asked to look at a fake hand being touched, while at the same time, the experimenter touches the participants' own hand which is hidden out of view.

The combination of seeing the touch on the rubber hand and feeing touch on your hand, creates the illusion that the fake hand is now part of your body and has replaced your own hand.

The team was keen to take this method one step further by testing whether people can experience a hand of a different skin colour and whether this would change possible racial biases.

Using Caucasian participants, the scientists tested their implicit attitudes towards people with dark skin before using a dark-skinned rubber hand to make them feel as if this was their own hand. They then tested their racial attitudes again after the experiment.

The results found that the more intense the participants' illusion of owning the dark-skinned rubber hand, the more positive their racial attitudes became.

"This study has important implications for changing and reducing negative racial attitudes," said researcher Lara Maister from the Department of Psychology at Royal Holloway. "It comes down to a perceived similarity between white and dark skin. The illusion creates an overlap, which in turn helps to reduce negative attitudes because participants see less difference between themselves and those with dark skin."

Dr Manos Tsakiris, who led the research, said: "Often formed at an early age, negative racial attitudes are thought to remain relatively stable throughout adulthood. Our results show that we can positively alter them by understanding how the brain is processing sensory information from our bodies and that of others. It will be interesting to replicate the effect with different social groups and see if we can generalise these findings outside of a laboratory setting."

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Mum and dad dinosaurs shared the work

May 15, 2013 — A study into the brooding behaviour of birds has revealed their dinosaur ancestors shared the load when it came to incubation of eggs.

Research into the incubation behaviour of birds suggests the type of parental care carried out by their long extinct ancestors.

The study aimed to test the hypothesis that data from extant birds could be used to predict the incubation behaviour of Theropods, the group of carnivorous dinosaurs from which birds descended.

The paper, out today in Biology Letters, was co-authored by Dr Charles Deeming and Dr Marcello Ruta from the University of Lincoln's School of Life Sciences and Dr Geoff Birchard from George Mason University, Virginia.

By taking into account factors known to affect egg and clutch size in living bird species, the authors -- who started their investigation last summer at the University of Lincoln's Riseholme campus -- found that shared incubation was the ancestral incubation behaviour. Previously it had been claimed that only male Theropod dinosaurs incubated the eggs.

Dr Deeming said: "In 2009 a study in the journal Science suggested that it was males of the small carnivorous dinosaurs Troodon and Oviraptor that incubated their eggs. Irrespective of whether you accept the idea of Theropod dinosaurs sitting on eggs like birds or not, the analysis raised some concerns that we wanted to address. We decided to repeat the study with a larger data set and a better understanding of bird biology because other palaeontologists were starting to use the original results in Science in order to predict the incubation behaviour of other dinosaur species. Our analysis of the relationship between female body mass and clutch mass was interesting in its own right but also showed that it was not possible to conclude anything about incubation in extinct distant relatives of the birds."

Palaeobiologist Dr Ruta was involved in mapping the parental behaviour in modern birds on to an evolutionary tree.

Dr Ruta said: "As always in any study involving fossils, knowledge of extant organisms helps us make inferences about fossils. Fossils have a unique role in shaping our knowledge of the Tree of Life and the dynamics of evolutionary processes. However, as is the case with our study, data from living organisms may augment and refine the potential of fossil studies and may shift existing notions of the biology and behaviour of long extinct creatures."

Dr Birchard added: "The previous study was carried out to infer the type of parental care in dinosaurs that are closely related to birds. That study proposed that paternal care was present in these dinosaurs and this form of care was the ancestral condition for birds. Our new analysis based on three times as many species as in the previous study indicates that parental care cannot be inferred from simple analyses of the relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiologyand behaviour. Such analyses ought to take into account factors such as shared evolutionary history and maturity at hatching. However, our data does suggest that the dinosaurs used in the previous study were likely to be quite mature at birth."

The project has helped in understanding the factors affecting the evolution of incubation in birds. More importantly it is hoped that the new analysis will assist palaeontologists in their interpretation of future finds of dinosaur reproduction in the fossil record.

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Trying to be happier works when listening to upbeat music

"Our work provides support for what many people already do -- listen to music to improve their moods," said lead author Yuna Ferguson, who performed the study while she was an MU doctoral student in psychological science. "Although pursuing personal happiness may be thought of as a self-centered venture, research suggests that happiness relates to a higher probability of socially beneficial behavior, better physical health, higher income and greater relationship satisfaction."

In two studies by Ferguson, participants successfully improved their moods in the short term and boosted their overall happiness over a two week period. During the first study, participants improved their mood after being instructed to attempt to do so, but only if they listened to the upbeat music of Copland, as opposed to the more somber Stravinsky. Other participants, who simply listened to the music without attempting to change their mood, also didn't report a change in happiness. In the second study, participants reported higher levels of happiness after two weeks of lab sessions in which they listened to positive music while trying to feel happier, compared to control participants who only listened to music.

However, Ferguson noted that for people to put her research into practice, they must be wary of too much introspection into their mood or constantly asking, "Am I happy yet?"

"Rather than focusing on how much happiness they've gained and engaging in that kind of mental calculation, people could focus more on enjoying their experience of the journey towards happiness and not get hung up on the destination," said Ferguson.

Ferguson's work corroborated earlier findings by Ferguson's doctoral advisor and co-author of the current study, Kennon Sheldon, professor of psychological science in MU's College of Arts and Science.

"The Hedonic Adaptation Prevention model, developed in my earlier research, says that we can stay in the upper half of our 'set range' of potential happiness as long as we keep having positive experiences, and avoid wanting too much more than we have," said Sheldon. "Yuna's research suggests that we can intentionally seek to make mental changes leading to new positive experiences of life. The fact that we're aware we're doing this, has no detrimental effect."

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New uses for tiny carbon nanotubes: Adding ionic liquid to nanotube films could build smaller gadgets

May 14, 2013 — The atom-sized world of carbon nanotubes holds great promise for a future demanding smaller and faster electronic components. Nanotubes are stronger than steel and smaller than any element of silicon-based electronics -- the ubiquitous component of today's electrical devices -- and have better conductivity, which means they can potentially process information faster while using less energy.

The challenge has been figuring out how to incorporate all those great properties into useful electronic devices. A new discovery by four scientists at the University of California, Riverside has brought us closer to the goal. They discovered that by adding ionic liquid -- a kind of liquid salt -- they can modify the optical transparency of single-walled carbon nanotube films in a controlled pattern.

"It was a discovery, not something we were looking for," said Robert Haddon, director of UC Riverside's Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering. Scientists Feihu Wang, Mikhail Itkis and Elena Bekyarova were looking at ways to improve the electrical behavior of carbon nanotubes, and as part of their research they also looked at whether they could modulate the transparency of the films. An article about their findings was published online in April in Nature Photonics.

The scientists spent some time trying to affect the optical properties of carbon nanotube films with an electric field, with little success, said Itkis, a research scientist at the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering. "But when we applied a thin layer of an ionic liquid on top of the nanotube film we noticed that the change of transparency is amplified 100 times and that the change in transparency occurs in the vicinity of one of the electrodes, so we started studying what causes these drastic changes and how to create transparency in controlled patterns."

An ionic liquid contains negative and positive ions which can interact with the nanotubes, dramatically influencing their ability to store an electrical charge. That increases or decreases their transparency, similar to the way that glasses darken in sunlight. By learning how to manipulate the transparency, scientists may be able to start incorporating nanotube films into products that now rely on slower or heavier components, such as metal oxide.

For instance, using nanotube films meshed with a film of ionic liquid, scientists could create more cost effective Smart Windows, that darken when it's hot outside and become lighter when it's cold.

"Smart Windows are a new industry that has been shown to save 50 percent of your energy costs," said Itkis. "On a very hot day you can shade your window just by turning a switch, so you don't have to use as much air conditioning. And on a winter day, you can make a window more transparent to let in more light."

The scientists still need to study the economic viability of using nanotube film, but Bekyarova said one possible advantage would be that carbon nanotubes are ultra thin -- about 1,000 times smaller than a single strand of hair -- so you would need very little to cover a large area, such as the windows of a large building.

Itkis said nanotube films also hold great promise in building lighter and more compact analytical instruments such as spectrometers, which are used to analyze the properties of light.

In this application, a nanotube film with an array of electrodes can be used as an electrically configurable diffraction grating for an infrared spectrometer, allowing the wavelength of light to be scanned without moving parts.

Furthermore, by using addressable electrodes, the spatial pattern of the induced transparency in the nanotube film can be modified in a controlled way and used as an electrically configurable optical media for storage and transfer of information via patterns of light.

Carbon nanotubes have great potential, but there is still plenty of work to be done to make them useful in electronics and optoelectronics, Haddon said.

"The challenge is to harness their outstanding properties," he said. "They won't be available at Home Depot next week, but there is continuing progress in the field."

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