The secret lives (and deaths) of neurons

The secret lives (and deaths) of neurons

Researchers from the University of North Carolina School of Medicine have uncovered some surprising insights about the process of axon amputation, or "pruning," in a study published May 21 in the journal Nature Communications. Axon pruning has mystified scientists curious to know how a neuron can unleash a self -destruct mechanism within its axon, but keep it from spreading to the rest of the cell. The researchers' findings could offer clues about the processes underlying some neurological disorders.

"Aberrant axon pruning is thought to underlie some of the causes for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism," said Mohanish Deshmukh, PhD, professor of cell biology and physiology at UNC and the study's senior author. "This study sheds light on some of the mechanisms by which neurons are able to regulate axon pruning."

Axon pruning is part of normal development and plays a key role in learning and memory. Another important process, apoptosis -- the purposeful death of an entire cell -- is also crucial because it allows the body to cull broken or incorrectly placed neurons. But both processes have been linked with disease when improperly regulated.

The research team placed mouse neurons in special devices called microfluidic chambers that allowed the researchers to independently manipulate the environments surrounding the axon and cell body to induce axon pruning or apoptosis.

They found that although the nerve cell uses the same poison -- a group of molecules known as Caspases -- whether it intends to kill the whole cell or just the axon, it deploys the Caspases in a different way depending on the context.

"People had assumed that the mechanism was the same regardless of whether the context was axon pruning or apoptosis, but we found that it's actually quite distinct," said Deshmukh. "The neuron essentially uses the same components for both cases, but tweaks them in a very elegant way so the neuron knows whether it needs to undergo apoptosis or axon pruning."

In apoptosis, the neuron deploys the deadly Caspases using an activator known as Apaf-1. In the case of axon pruning, Apaf-1 was simply not involved, despite the presence of Caspases. "This is really going to take the field by surprise," said Deshmukh. "There's very little precedent of Caspases being activated without Apaf-1. We just didn't know they could be activated through a different mechanism."

In addition, the team discovered that neurons employ other molecules as safety brakes to keep the "kill" signal contained to the axon alone. "Having this brake keeps that signal from spreading to the rest of the body," said Deshmukh. "Remarkably, just removing one brake makes the neurons more vulnerable."

Deshmukh said the findings offer a glimpse into how nerve cells reconfigure themselves during development and beyond. Enhancing our understanding of these basic processes could help illuminate what has gone wrong in the case of some neurological disorders.

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Flat spray-on optical lens created

Flat spray-on optical lens created

Kenneth Chau, an assistant professor in the School of Engineering at UBC's Okanagan campus, is a key investigator among colleagues at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Maryland. Their work -- the development of a flat lens -- is published in the May 23 issue of the journal Nature.

Nearly all lenses -- whether in an eye, a camera, or a microscope -- are presently curved, which limits the aperture, or amount of light that enters.

"The idea of a flat lens goes way back to the 1960s when a Russian physicist came up with the theory," Chau says. "The challenge is that there are no naturally occurring materials to make that type of flat lens. Through trial and error, and years of research, we have come up with a fairly simple recipe for a spray-on material that can act as that flat lens."

The research team has developed a substance that can be affixed to surfaces like a glass slide and turn them into flat lenses for ultraviolet light imaging of biological specimens.

"Curved lenses always have a limited aperture," he explains. "With a flat lens, suddenly you can make lenses with an arbitrary aperture size -- perhaps as big as a football field."

While the spray-on, flat lens represents a significant advancement in technology, it is only an important first step, Chau says.

"This is the closest validation we have of the original flat lens theory," he says. "The recipe, now that we've got it working, is simple and cost-effective. Our next step is to extrapolate this technique further, explore the effect to the fullest, and advance it as far as we can take it."

The technology could change the way imaging devices like cameras and scanners are designed.

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First successful treatment of pediatric cerebral palsy with autologous cord blood: Awoken from a persistent vegetative state

First successful treatment of pediatric cerebral palsy with autologous cord blood: Awoken from a persistent vegetative state

May 23, 2013 — Bochum's medics have succeeded in treating cerebral palsy with autologous cord blood. Following a cardiac arrest with severe brain damage, a 2.5 year old boy had been in a persistent vegetative state -- with minimal chances of survival. Just two months after treatment with the cord blood containing stem cells, the symptoms improved significantly; over the following months, the child learned to speak simple sentences and to move.

"Our findings, along with those from a Korean study, dispel the long-held doubts about the effectiveness of the new therapy," says Dr. Arne Jensen of the Campus Clinic Gynaecology. Together with his colleague Prof. Dr. Eckard Hamelmann of the Department of Paediatrics at the Catholic Hospital Bochum (University Clinic of the RUB), he reports in the journal Case Reports in Transplantation.

The parents searched the literature for treatment options

At the end of November 2008, the child suffered from cardiac arrest with severe brain damage and was subsequently in a persistent vegetative state with his body paralysed. Up to now, there has been no treatment for the cause of what is known as infantile cerebral palsy. "In their desperate situation, the parents searched the literature for alternative therapies," Arne Jensen explains. "They contacted us and asked about the possibilities of using their son's cord blood, frozen at his birth."

"Threatening, if not hopeless prognosis"

Nine weeks after the brain damage, on 27 January 2009, the doctors administered the prepared blood intravenously. They studied the progress of recovery at 2, 5, 12, 24, 30, and 40 months after the insult. Usually, the chances of survival after such a severe brain damage and more than 25 minutes duration of resuscitation are six per cent. Months after the severe brain damage, the surviving children usually only exhibit minimal signs of consciousness. "The prognosis for the little patient was threatening if not hopeless," the Bochum medics say.

Rapid recovery after cord blood therapy

After the cord blood therapy, the patient, however, recovered relatively quickly. Within two months, the spasticity decreased significantly. He was able to see, sit, smile, and to speak simple words again. Forty months after treatment, the child was able to eat independently, walk with assistance, and form four-word sentences. "Of course, on the basis of these results, we cannot clearly say what the cause of the recovery is," Jensen says. "It is, however, very difficult to explain these remarkable effects by purely symptomatic treatment during active rehabilitation."

In animal studies, stem cells migrate to damaged brain tissue

In animal studies, scientists have been researching the therapeutic potential of cord blood for some time. In a previous study with rats, RUB researchers revealed that cord blood cells migrate to the damaged area of ​​the brain in large numbers within 24 hours of administration. In March 2013, in a controlled study of one hundred children, Korean doctors reported for the first time that they had successfully treated cerebral palsy with allogeneic cord blood.

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深圳文博会一件玉雕作品拍出1300万

深圳文博会一件玉雕作品拍出1300万

辜柳希-三层虾蟹篓

　　深圳新闻网5月20日讯(记者 王丹丹)5月19日下午,文博会6号馆的“中国工艺美术大师作品专场拍卖会”和“朝鲜美术专场拍卖会”引发一股拍卖热浪.经过激烈竞拍,第五届中国工艺美术大师薛春梅设计的玉雕作品《祥瑞如意 庆云天下》成为了这场拍卖的标王,成交价格为1300万元.

　　“中国工艺美术大师作品专场拍卖会”是国内首次举办,成交额超3000万元.第五届中国工艺美术大师薛春梅制作的玉雕作品《祥瑞如意 庆云天下》成为现场的“标王”,成交价格为1300万元.而“朝鲜美术专场拍卖会”已经是第二期了,此次成交额达400万元.第五届中国工艺美术大师薛春梅设计的玉雕作品《祥瑞如意 庆云天下》成为了这场拍卖的标王,成交价格为1300万元.薛春梅以女性艺术家特有的审美视觉和艺术语言,惯用流畅自然的线条来达到细腻隽永的效果,被誉为“纤手神功”,尤擅雕刻孩童、仕女、山水、人文及宗教题材的玉艺作品.这件《祥瑞如意 庆云天下》采用昆仑白玉雕琢而成,繁复中透着大气.以玉如意的整体造型,配以童子、柿子、蝙蝠、佛手、石榴等喻意吉祥的艺术形象点缀其中.

　　另外,辜柳希的《黄花梨虾蟹篓》也成为现场竞拍的明星产品.这件拍品一式两件,其中一件由广东省委献给“十八大”,另一件专供本次拍卖.端砚黎铿代表作《红棉吐蕊砚》、歙砚王祖伟的国家级馆藏作品《田歌》、苴却砚曹加勇代表作《红豆生南国》等6位砚雕国大师作品也在此次拍卖上备受追捧.

　　“中国工艺美术大师作品专场拍卖会”之后,同一地点继续举办“朝鲜美术专场拍卖会”.此次“朝鲜美术专场拍卖会”汇集了近百幅朝鲜美术作品,许多作品代表了当代朝鲜最高绘画水准.如朝鲜视为瑰宝的郑昶谟、郑永万、鲜于英、金圣姬等大家的作品,他们有鲜明的前苏联现实主义创作风格,是朝鲜画的代表.

　　最终鲜于英的《山水屏风》以22万元成为现场成交价最高的作品.鲜于英2009年已经去世,是朝鲜金日成奖获得者、功勋艺术家、艺术学博士.曾经来中国北京、沈阳、长春、大连等地进行过美术展览.鲜于英强有力的笔体以及关注于“山”题材所以被称为“岩画家”,号“山律”.

来源:新浪收藏


TAG:深圳文博会一件玉雕作品拍出1300万 翡翠 翡翠手镯 中国翡翠网 翡翠新闻

Spheres can form squares

Spheres can form squares

Since a number of decades, scientists are looking for strategies to create ordered crystal structures of regularly arranged small particles. Such crystals are interesting, because they can be used to control, modulate, or steer visible light in applications like lasers or other optical devices. While creating hexagonal patterns is relatively easy -- this is the natural way in which the particles tend to order -- anything different from that is much more difficult.

The team from the Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Colloid Science at Wageningen University, part of Wageningen UR, has now found a way to create square particle arrays. To do this, they make use of the surface tension of the underlying oil-water surface, that is the tendency of the surface to minimize its area. When a particle sticks to the liquid surface it deforms the surface somewhat, and thereby increases the total area. The surface tension acts to minimize these deformations, which can be done by clustering all the particles together.

This effect is also responsible for the clumping of breakfast cereals in a bowl of milk or of bubbles at the surface of a soft drink. The researchers have found that this effective attraction between particles resulting from the surface tension depends on how the liquid surface is curved. A slight curving of the surface already makes the interaction between particles highly dependent on their relative orientation, with attraction in two perpendicular directions and repulsion in the other directions. This is what causes the particles to arrange spontaneously in square patterns.

The researchers believe that their findings will lead to new bottom-up strategies for the design of structured materials, to be used in high-tech optical applications.

The research has been supported financially by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, NWO.

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Depression linked to telomere enzyme, aging, chronic disease

Depression linked to telomere enzyme, aging, chronic disease

Now a research team led by Owen Wolkowitz, MD, professor of psychiatry at UC San Francisco, has found that within cells of the immune system, activity of an enzyme called telomerase is greater, on average, in untreated individuals with major depression. The preliminary findings from his latest, ongoing study will be reported today at the annual meeting of the American Psychiatric Association in San Francisco.

Telomerase is an enzyme that lengthens protective end caps on the chromosomes' DNA, called telomeres. Shortened telomeres have been associated with earlier death and with chronic diseases in population studies.

The heightened telomerase activity in untreated major depression might represent the body's attempt to fight back against the progression of disease, in order to prevent biological damage in long-depressed individuals, Wolkowitz said.

The researchers made another discovery that may suggest a protective role for telomerase. Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), they found that, in untreated, depressed study participants, the size of the hippocampus, a brain structure that is critical for learning and memory, was associated with the amount of telomerase activity measured in the white blood cells. Such an association at a single point in time cannot be used to conclude that there is a cause-and-effect relationship with telomerase helping to protect the hippocampus, but it is plausible, Wolkowitz said.

Remarkably, the researchers also found that the enzyme's activity went up when some patients began taking an antidepressant. In fact, depressed participants with lower telomerase activity at baseline -- as well as those in whom enzyme activity increased the most with treatment -- were the most likely to become less depressed with treatment.

"Our results are consistent with the beneficial effect of telomerase when it is boosted in animal studies, where it has been associated with the growth of new nerve cells in the hippocampus and with antidepressant-like effects, evidenced by increased exploratory behavior," Wolkowitz said. Wolkowitz cautions that his new findings are preliminary due to the small size of the study and must be confirmed through further research.

The researchers also measured telomere length in the same immune cells. Only very chronically depressed individuals showed telomere shortening, Wolkowitz said.

"The longer people had been depressed, the shorter their telomeres were," he said. "Shortened telomere length has been previously demonstrated in major depression in most, but not all, studies that have examined it. The duration of depression may be a critical factor."

The 20 depressed participants enrolled in the study had been untreated for at least six weeks and had an average lifetime duration of depression of about 13 years. After baseline evaluation and laboratory measures, 16 of the depressed participants were treated with sertraline, a member of the most popular class of anti-depressants, the serotonin-selective-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs), and then evaluated again after eight weeks. There were 20 healthy participants who served as controls.

The ongoing study still is accepting depressed participants who are not now taking antidepressants. Wolkowitz's team also studies chronic inflammation and the biochemical phenomenon of oxidative stress, which he said have often been reported in major depression. Wolkowitz is exploring the hypothesis that inflammation and oxidative stress play a role in telomere shortening and accelerated aging in depression.

"New insights into the mechanisms of these processes may well lead to new treatments -- both pharmacological and behavioral -- that will be distinctly different from the current generation of drugs prescribed to treat depression," he said. "Additional studies might lead to simple blood tests that can measure accelerated immune-cell aging."

Wolkowitz's research is funded by the National Institutes of Health. He is on the scientific advisory board of Telome Health, Inc., a private biotechnology company.

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Europe launches $12 billion chip support campaign

Europe launches $12 billion chip support campaign

BRUSSELS, Belgium – The European Commission has launched a campaign of public investment in micro- and nanoelectronics with the aim of doubling chip production on the continent to around 20 percent of global production.

The plan is to channel more than 5 billion euro (about $6.4 billion) of public authority money into research, development and innovation over the next seven years to match a similar amount of investment from the companies supported by the plan. However, the spending is likely to be spread across the whole semiconductor supply chain and cannot be used to simply lower the cost of capital or buy production equipment due to anti-subsidy commitments.

European Commission vice president Neelie Kroes said: "Others are aggressively investing in computer chips and Europe cannot be left behind. We have to reinforce and connect our existing strongholds and develop new strengths. A rapid and strong coordination of public investment at EU, member state and regional level is needed to ensure that transformation."

Kroes, who is responsible for digital economy and services delivery in Europe, has argued for several years that nanoelectronics is strategic to European wealth creation as a least 10 percent of GDP depends on electronic products and services.

Kroes said that the public authorities across Europe, at the Commission, member state and regional level should be able to channel more than 5 billion euro (about $6.4 billion) into research, development an innovation over the next seven years. "This is what will attract not only a similar amount of investment in research and innovation by industry but also the 100 billion euro that industry has committed to invest in Europe if we are able to get our act together," Kroes said in the text of a speech to launch the initiative.

"I want Europe to produce more chips in Europe than the United States produces domestically. It's a realistic goal if we channel our investments properly," Kroes said. The industrial strategy will focus on larger investments to reinforce Europe's semiconductor centers in Dresden, Eindoven, Leuven and Grenoble and their connections to design clusters in such places as Cambridge and Milan.

"If we don't take this opportunity, if we don't connect our strongholds, then others will leapfrog us. So we need this public investment - we need it to be rapid, strategic and coordinated. I will expect great things from the industry; they will have to build on this investment to take the sector to new heights. They will have to find ways to repeat the success of Airbus, but this time in the chip sector, and with its own unique business model," Kroes said.

The strategy will cover making chips at the leading edge (More Moore) as well as more varied (More than Moore) and the transition to production on 450-mm diameter wafers.

In support of Kroes' ambitions the Commission referenced a positioning document entitled Innovation for the future of Europe: Nanoelectronics beyond 2020 that described how to secure a European nanoelectronics industry and which outlined how a total investment of 100 billion euro could be delivered between 2013 and 2020.


Related links and articles:

Association for European Nanoelectronics Activities

News articles:

Europe backs FDSOI fabs

ST starts pilot line for advanced MEMS

Intel moves forward with European 450-mm project

Europe plots three pilot wafer fabs

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大师治玉：厚积才能薄发

大师治玉：厚积才能薄发

高爽翡翠玉雕《清明上河图》,曾获中国玉石器百花奖特别金奖

　　还记得几年前热映的电影《疯狂的石头》吗？

　　一块在厕所里发现的价值不菲的翡翠引发各路人马为之痴狂.但你可否知道,无论是翡翠还是其它玉石,大多都要经过河南镇平人的一双巧手,才能最终成为一件件精美绝伦的艺术品.

　　■新快报记者 李村

　　据广东南阳商会会长陈光朝统计,在广东有很多知名的河南籍大师.其中,工艺美术大师有5名,雕刻大师则有15名之多.他们大多有着30多年的玉雕生涯,如今在玉雕界都早已大名鼎鼎.

　　无论是获得中国玉石器百花奖特别金奖的翡翠玉雕“清明上河图”；还是收藏于北京人民大会堂的翡翠大型玉雕作品“人间正道是沧桑”；抑或是收藏于澳门“葡京”大楼的3吨重的翡翠“盛世长龙”；还是问鼎“天工奖”的“望子成龙”作品……都离不开河南籍工艺美术大师和雕刻大师们的智慧.

　　那些“点石成金”的艺术大师们是如何让这些原本暗淡无光的石头打造成国宝级的神物呢？

　　这得问问来自河南的大师们！

　　在玉器之乡

　　说南阳话会受到礼遇

　　无论是广东的省城广州,还是离广州半个小时车程的南海平洲,还是离广州1个小时车程的广东四会,都挤满了各地做玉雕生意的河南人.而这其中,南阳人占得半壁江山,这其中镇平人又占绝大多数.

　　其实,如果笼统地说河南镇平人是做玉器生意的行家,可能还是容易被大多数人误认为镇平人只会买卖玉器.实际上,这种认识大错特错.因为,除了生产、加工、销售,工艺设计和雕刻这些技术活儿,也离不开镇平人的一双巧手.别看河南人五大三粗,表面粗犷,但玩起艺术来,绝对是粗中有细、大胆创新.

　　广东省珠宝首饰协会相关负责人表示,经过多年积累,广东已形成成熟的四大专业玉器市场:广州华林玉器街、(南海)平洲玉器街、四会玉器市场、揭阳玉器等.从玉石设计、深加工到销售,广东省的玉器加工、销售总量约占全国的45%.

　　在广州、平洲、四会这几个广东乃至全国较大的玉器集散市场,镇平籍的工艺美术大师和雕刻大师比比皆是,甚至几乎“一统天下”.他们大多有着一二十年的实战经验,大多在上个世纪八九十年代就从河南镇平老家来到广东,此后每年经常往返粤豫两地.

　　初次来到“玉器之乡”四会的河南人总有一种错觉“这里和南阳有什么区别”？实际上,很多初次来到四会的外地人,在这里听到的并不是最常见的粤语,而是南阳话.如果你在饭店、商店、车站,只要你讲一口南阳话,都会受到当地市民满脸堆笑的礼遇.

　　为什么呢？因为在四会做玉器生意的,南阳人尤其是镇平人占绝对主力,南阳话几乎成为当地市场的“官方语言”.另一方面,在四会共有40来万人口,但镇平人就有5万多人.他们带来的玉器生意带旺了当地经济,带富了当地群众.

　　镇平大师

　　一双手“拔高”当地玉雕档次

　　在南海平洲拥有自己加工厂的王元继是做翡翠手镯的响当当的人物.在高峰时期,他每天的出货量高达上千只,被圈内人士称为“翡翠手镯第一人”.在一次饭局上,他的玉镯手艺和收益均被来访的河南籍中国工艺美术大师赵国安现场“请教”,赵是有着40多年玉器设计与制作的大师,尤其善于利用玛瑙的俏色进行设计,使作品如自然天成,具有很高的欣赏价值.

　　而实际上,河南籍的工艺美术大师和玉石雕刻大师在经历镇平、广东等地的浸淫后都最终在各自擅长的领域独当一面.很多镇平玉器从业者都曾经历过雕刻、设计等基础工作,他们有的最后专做贸易,有的则在设计道路上走到底,并最终成为大师.广东南阳商会会长陈光朝统计,目前在广州、四会、平洲等地,经过国家认证的河南籍工艺美术大师有5名,雕刻大师则有15名之多.

　　“他山之石,四会成器”,四会本身并没有玉石矿产,但却拥有“中国玉器之乡”的美名,这其中的功劳大多要归功于南阳人.四会玉器产业的发展,培育了一大批玉雕工艺师,生产出的玉器产品构思巧妙,工艺精细,有许多被评为中国玉雕、石雕作品“天工奖”优秀作品；在中国艺术博览会上,评选出的珠宝玉器类金奖、优秀奖作品中,四会的占了大部分.

　　在这些河南籍工艺美术大师和雕刻大师中,他们通过自己的一双手,将一块块石头从山野田间送上了人民大会堂等艺术殿堂.工艺美术大师、广东南阳商会常务副会长高爽历经30多个月精雕出来的精品、长9.6米的翡翠玉雕“清明上河图”获得中国玉石器百花奖特别金奖；他的挚交、同样是工艺美术大师的靳东华,其翡翠大型玉雕作品“人间正道是沧桑”、“孙中山”,现分别收藏于北京人民大会堂、中国历史博物馆.大师刘建国,2005年时在四会所作3吨重翡翠“盛世长龙”,如今收藏于澳门“葡京”大楼,香港大公报当时报道该翡翠为“巨制之作”,称价值2.3亿元人民币.

　　在四会的国际玉城、挂件市场、摆件城,一半以上的铺面和摊位都是镇平人开办的；在翡翠生产区域,镇平人有专门开玉厂搞玉雕加工的,有跑玉料专为玉厂和加工户供货的等.与其他在四会的外地玉商不同,镇平5万从业人中,玉雕大师出类拔萃.大师们的上乘之作,为镇平琢玉人在四会打开市场、提升信誉起了很好的引领作用.

　　近几年镇平创业人还注重设计和工艺水平提高,高薪聘请设计师包括外省玉雕高手,合力追求玉雕摆件的上档升级,赢得市场半壁江山.

来源:新浪收藏


TAG:大师治玉：厚积才能薄发 翡翠 翡翠手镯 中国翡翠网 翡翠新闻

追溯梵克雅宝的经典四叶幸运系列

追溯梵克雅宝的经典四叶幸运系列

　　Alhambra四叶幸运系列于1968年面世，迄今已成为Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝经典的幸运象征和代表设计。时至今日， 这一百年世家不断将其悠久历史与精湛工艺完美融合，创造出隽永优雅的全新设计，于全球颂扬这一幸运经典。

　　Alhambra四叶幸运系列的诞生

Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝的经典：Alhambra四叶幸运系列

　　幸运是Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝极为珍视的元素，带领着这一百年世家踏出每一步，启迪其创作出最富象征意义的作品设计。在Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝的历史长河之中，四叶幸运图案与木制护身符、幸运小吊饰和善良小仙子一直密不可分。

Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝的经典：Alhambra四叶幸运系列

　　艾斯特尔•雅宝的侄儿雅克•雅宝有一句名言：“心怀幸运之愿，方能成为幸运之士。”这位与生俱来的收藏家时刻关注着幸运的表现方式，他充满积极意味的格言和幸运小礼物，对Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝的无限创意有着极其深远的影响。每年1月，雅克•雅宝都会送出白底红边的心意卡，里面写上有关爱或幸福的格言，而他最喜爱的格言就是“Un homme amoureux ne peut rien refuser à la femme qui le rend heureux (坠入爱河的男人，面对令他快乐的女人，绝对无法拒绝她的任何要求)”和“Il est des signatures auxquelles on tient (有心人自会发现个中标志)”。

Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝的经典：Alhambra四叶幸运系列

　　有时候，他也喜欢引用短诗。有一次，他在位于Germigny-l’évêque的大宅花园里采摘四叶草，然后赠与众员工，并附上自己喜欢的诗歌《不要放弃》 (Don’t Quit)，以鼓励他们要心怀希望。

　　1968年，Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝创造出真正属于自己的幸运标志：Alhambra四叶幸运系列。该系列首款长项链将黄K金与Alhambra四叶幸运图案的简约线条完美融合，再以黄K金珠饰为这个和谐的象征添上一丝金边，一经推出即广受欢迎，被视为经典的幸运象征，也成为了Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝的代表设计。

　　经典背后的秘密

Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝的经典：Alhambra四叶幸运系列

　　Alhambra四叶幸运系列秉承Van Cleef & Arpels梵克雅宝卓尔不凡的传统，完美体现高级珠宝世家的专业制作水准，每一件作品都需要经过宝石雕刻师、珠宝工匠、宝石镶嵌师及抛光工匠等各司其职地精湛工艺处理方可展现完美设计。

　　更多精彩资讯请关注 新浪尚品(微博)

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Broadcom: Time to prepare for the end of Moore’s Law

Broadcom: Time to prepare for the end of Moore’s Law

MOUNTAIN VIEW, Calif. – The party’s not over yet, but it’s getting time we start thinking about calling a cab. That’s Henry Samueli’s view of the semiconductor industry in a nutshell.

The chief technology officer of Broadcom Corp. was shockingly frank in an on-stage interview at an event celebrating the 40th anniversary of Ethernet.

“Moore’s Law is coming to an end—in the next decade it will pretty much come to an end so we have 15 years or so,” Samueli told several dozen Silicon Valley technology veterans. “Standard CMOS silicon transistors will stop scaling around 5 nm and everything will plateau,” he said.

“I am comfortable we will get to terabit networking speeds, but I’m not sure I see a path to petabit speeds,” said the co-founder of one of the world’s largest communications chip companies. “You will see density of network switch boards leveling off and when you see the network progress level off it will change the dynamics of the entire industry,” he said.

“We still have another 15 years or so to enjoy, but we need to prepare at some point for a network that doesn’t double in bandwidth every two years,” he added.


Samueli spoke out on a panel with execs from Arista, Brocade and HP.

Welcome to SUV System Ltd!

SUV System Ltd is ISO 90012008 Certified electronics distributor with 10 years of experiences.

We have built up long term business relationship with about many companies which are stockers and authorized agents. we have a steady and reliable supply to meet customer's demands to the greatest extent .Confidently, we are able to lower your cost and support your business with our years of professional service.

SUV System Ltd is Electronic Components Distributor Supplies,Find Quality Electronic Components Supplies Products IC(Integrated Circuits),Connectors,Capacitor,Resistors,Diodes,Transistors,LED at Suvsystem.com. Sourcing Other Energy, Environment, Excess Inventory Products from Manufacturers and Suppliers at Suvsystem.com

Electronic Components distributor:http://www.suvsystem.com

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SUV System Ltd insists on the managing faith ofsincereness,speciality,foresight, win-win,so we build up stable-relationship customers located all over the world, including the States, Europe, Argentina, UAE, Malaysia, Australia,and India etc

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Baby's life saved with groundbreaking 3-D printed device that restored his breathing

Baby's life saved with groundbreaking 3-D printed device that restored his breathing

May 22, 2013 — Every day, their baby stopped breathing, his collapsed bronchus blocking the crucial flow of air to his lungs. April and Bryan Gionfriddo watched helplessly, just praying that somehow the dire predictions weren't true.

"Quite a few doctors said he had a good chance of not leaving the hospital alive," says April Gionfriddo, about her now 20-month-old son, Kaiba. "At that point, we were desperate. Anything that would work, we would take it and run with it."

They found hope at the University of Michigan, where a new, bioresorbable device that could help Kaiba was under development. Kaiba's doctors contacted Glenn Green, M.D., associate professor of pediatric otolaryngology at the University of Michigan.

Green and his colleague, Scott Hollister, Ph.D., professor of biomedical engineering and mechanical engineering and associate professor of surgery at U-M, went right into action, obtaining emergency clearance from the Food and Drug Administration to create and implant a tracheal splint for Kaiba made from a biopolymer called polycaprolactone.

On February 9, 2012, the specially-designed splint was placed in Kaiba at C.S. Mott Children's Hospital. The splint was sewn around Kaiba's airway to expand the bronchus and give it a skeleton to aid proper growth. Over about three years, the splint will be reabsorbed by the body. The case is featured today in the New England Journal of Medicine.

"It was amazing. As soon as the splint was put in, the lungs started going up and down for the first time and we knew he was going to be OK," says Green.

Green and Hollister were able to make the custom-designed, custom-fabricated device using high-resolution imaging and computer-aided design. The device was created directly from a CT scan of Kaiba's trachea/bronchus, integrating an image-based computer model with laser-based 3D printing to produce the splint.

"Our vision at the University of Michigan Health System is to create the future of health care through discovery. This collaboration between faculty in our Medical School and College of Engineering is an incredible demonstration of how we achieve that vision, translating research into treatments for our patients," says Ora Hirsch Pescovitz, M.D., U-M executive vice president for medical affairs and CEO of the U-M Health System.

"Groundbreaking discoveries that save lives of individuals across the nation and world are happening right here in Ann Arbor. I continue to be inspired and proud of the extraordinary people and the amazing work happening across the Health System."

Kaiba was off ventilator support 21 days after the procedure, and has not had breathing trouble since then.

"The material we used is a nice choice for this. It takes about two to three years for the trachea to remodel and grow into a healthy state, and that's about how long this material will take to dissolve into the body," says Hollister.

"Kaiba's case is definitely the highlight of my career so far. To actually build something that a surgeon can use to save a person's life? It's a tremendous feeling."

The image-based design and 3D biomaterial printing process can be adapted to build and reconstruct a number of tissue structures. Green and Hollister have already utilized the process to build and test patient specific ear and nose structures in pre-clinical models. In addition, the method has been used by Hollister with collaborators to rebuild bone structures (spine, craniofacial and long bone) in pre-clinical models.

Severe tracheobronchomalacia is rare. About 1 in 2,200 babies are born with tracheomalacia and most children grow out of it by age 2 or 3, although it often is misdiagnosed as asthma that doesn't respond to treatment.

Severe cases, like Kaiba's, are about 10 percent of that number. And they are frightening, says Green. A normal cold can cause a baby to stop breathing. In Kaiba's case, the family was out at a restaurant when he was six weeks old and he turned blue.

"Severe tracheobronchomalacia has been a condition that has bothered me for years," says Green. "I've seen children die from it. To see this device work, it's a major accomplishment and offers hope for these children."

Before the device was placed, Kaiba continued to stop breathing on a regular basis and required resuscitation daily.

"Even with the best treatments available, he continued to have these episodes. He was imminently going to die. The physician treating him in Ohio knew there was no other option, other than our device in development here," Green says.

Kaiba is doing well and he and his family, including an older brother and sister, live in Ohio.

"He has not had another episode of turning blue," says April. "We are so thankful that something could be done for him. It means the world to us."

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Brain can be trained in compassion, study shows

Brain can be trained in compassion, study shows

May 22, 2013 — Until now, little was scientifically known about the human potential to cultivate compassion -- the emotional state of caring for people who are suffering in a way that motivates altruistic behavior.

A new study by researchers at the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds at the Waisman Center of the University of Wisconsin-Madison shows that adults can be trained to be more compassionate. The report, published Psychological Science, a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, investigates whether training adults in compassion can result in greater altruistic behavior and related changes in neural systems underlying compassion.

"Our fundamental question was, 'Can compassion be trained and learned in adults? Can we become more caring if we practice that mindset?'" says Helen Weng, lead author of the study and a graduate student in clinical psychology. "Our evidence points to yes."

In the study, the investigators trained young adults to engage in compassion meditation, an ancient Buddhist technique to increase caring feelings for people who are suffering. In the meditation, participants envisioned a time when someone has suffered and then practiced wishing that his or her suffering was relieved. They repeated phrases to help them focus on compassion such as, "May you be free from suffering. May you have joy and ease."

Participants practiced with different categories of people, first starting with a loved one, someone whom they easily felt compassion for, like a friend or family member. Then, they practiced compassion for themselves and, then, a stranger. Finally, they practiced compassion for someone they actively had conflict with called the "difficult person," such as a troublesome coworker or roommate.

"It's kind of like weight training," Weng says. "Using this systematic approach, we found that people can actually build up their compassion 'muscle' and respond to others' suffering with care and a desire to help."

Compassion training was compared to a control group that learned cognitive reappraisal, a technique where people learn to reframe their thoughts to feel less negative. Both groups listened to guided audio instructions over the Internet for 30 minutes per day for two weeks. "We wanted to investigate whether people could begin to change their emotional habits in a relatively short period of time," says Weng.

The real test of whether compassion could be trained was to see if people would be willing to be more altruistic -- even helping people they had never met. The research tested this by asking the participants to play a game in which they were given the opportunity to spend their own money to respond to someone in need (called the "Redistribution Game"). They played the game over the Internet with two anonymous players, the "Dictator" and the "Victim." They watched as the Dictator shared an unfair amount of money (only $1 out of $10) with the Victim. They then decided how much of their own money to spend (out of $5) in order to equalize the unfair split and redistribute funds from the Dictator to the Victim.

"We found that people trained in compassion were more likely to spend their own money altruistically to help someone who was treated unfairly than those who were trained in cognitive reappraisal," Weng says.

"We wanted to see what changed inside the brains of people who gave more to someone in need. How are they responding to suffering differently now?" asks Weng. The study measured changes in brain responses using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after training. In the MRI scanner, participants viewed images depicting human suffering, such as a crying child or a burn victim, and generated feelings of compassion towards the people using their practiced skills. The control group was exposed to the same images, and asked to recast them in a more positive light as in reappraisal.

The researchers measured how much brain activity had changed from the beginning to the end of the training, and found that the people who were the most altruistic after compassion training were the ones who showed the most brain changes when viewing human suffering. They found that activity was increased in the inferior parietal cortex, a region involved in empathy and understanding others. Compassion training also increased activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the extent to which it communicated with the nucleus accumbens, brain regions involved in emotion regulation and positive emotions.

"People seem to become more sensitive to other people's suffering, but this is challenging emotionally. They learn to regulate their emotions so that they approach people's suffering with caring and wanting to help rather than turning away," explains Weng.

Compassion, like physical and academic skills, appears to be something that is not fixed, but rather can be enhanced with training and practice. "The fact that alterations in brain function were observed after just a total of seven hours of training is remarkable," explains UW-Madison psychology and psychiatry professor Richard J. Davidson, founder and chair of the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds and senior author of the article.

"There are many possible applications of this type of training," Davidson says. "Compassion and kindness training in schools can help children learn to be attuned to their own emotions as well as those of others, which may decrease bullying. Compassion training also may benefit people who have social challenges such as social anxiety or antisocial behavior."

Weng is also excited about how compassion training can help the general population. "We studied the effects of this training with healthy participants, which demonstrated that this can help the average person. I would love for more people to access the training and try it for a week or two -- what changes do they see in their own lives?"

Both compassion and reappraisal trainings are available on the Center for Investigating Healthy Minds' website. "I think we are only scratching the surface of how compassion can transform people's lives," says Weng.

Other authors on the paper were Andrew S. Fox, Alexander J. Shackman, Diane E. Stodola, Jessica Z. K. Caldwell, Matthew C. Olson, and Gregory M. Rogers.

The work was supported by funds from the National Institutes of Health; a Hertz Award to the UW-Madison Department of Psychology; the Fetzer Institute; The John Templeton Foundation; the Impact Foundation; the J. W. Kluge Foundation; the Mental Insight Foundation; the Mind and Life Institute; and gifts from Bryant Wanguard, Ralph Robinson, and Keith and Arlene Bronstein.

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Mosquito behavior may be immune response, not parasite manipulation

Mosquito behavior may be immune response, not parasite manipulation

"Normally, after a female mosquito ingests a blood meal, she matures her eggs and does not take another one until the meal is digested," said Lauren J. Cator, postdoctoral fellow in entomology and a member of the Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State. "If infected, however, mosquitoes will wait to eat until the parasites developing within the gut mature and migrate to the salivary glands."

It was thought that fasting until malaria could be transmitted was beneficial to the malaria parasite because if the female mosquito was not feeding, she was not being swatted. The return of hunger seemed to correlate with the migration of parasites to the salivary glands. The hungrier the mosquitoes are, the more they feed and the more chances to find new hosts.

Cator and colleagues who included Justin George, postdoctoral fellow; Simon Blanford, research associate; Courtney C. Murdock, postdoctoral fellow; Thomas C. Baker, professor of entomology; Andrew F. Read, professor of biology and entomology and alumni professor in biological sciences; and Matthew B. Thomas, professor of entomology, used a mouse model and showed that indeed female mosquitoes behaved in this way.

It was unclear if the malaria parasite caused the mosquitoes' response or if something else was in play. The researchers also looked at how the infected mosquitoes searched for meals and how they responded to the smell of humans. Although the mosquitoes used were biting mice, they also look to humans for a meal.

George ran the experiments testing the mosquito's sense of smell during various stages of parasite maturity and found that the mosquitoes responded to human smell much more readily once the parasites were ready to transfer to their hosts. The same was found of the meal-seeking behavior of the mosquitoes.

The researchers dissected the insects to determine the exact stage of the parasite in each mosquito they tested and what they found surprised them. They published their results in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B today (May 22).

"There were mosquitoes that took an infected blood meal, but didn't get infected or fought off the infection," said Cator. "These mosquitoes behaved in the same way as the infected mosquitoes."

The researchers then injected mosquitoes with killed E. coli to see the response. While the degree of fasting and food seeking was smaller, the noninfected, E. coli-challenged mosquitoes behaved in the same way. They fasted for about the same time and then went searching for a meal. Their responses to human smell and meal searching behavior also mirrored that of malaria-infected mosquitoes.

"Recently, a group from the Netherlands published in PLOS and while they were only looking at the mature parasites in the salivary glands, they found the same response to human odor," said Cator. "This supports that the response is a generalized response to a challenge rather than a manipulation by the malaria parasite and that our findings are probably relevant for human malaria transmission."

The National Institutes of Health supported this work.

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